Note 5 - Derivatives

The Company has determined that certain warrants the Company issued contain provisions that protect holders from future issuances of the Company’s common stock at prices below such warrants’ respective exercise prices. These provisions could result in modification of the warrants’ exercise price based on a variable that is not an input to the fair value of a “fixed-for-fixed” option as defined under FASB ASC Topic No. 815 - 40. The warrants granted in connection with two issuances of the Company’s common stock contain anti-dilution provisions that provide for a reduction in the exercise price of such warrants in the event that future common stock or common stock equivalents are issued at a price per share that is less than the exercise price of such warrant at the time. The amount of any such adjustment is determined in accordance with the provisions of the warrants and depend upon the number of shares of common stock issued and the exercise price of the warrant at the time.

Activities for derivative warrant instruments during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

On March 14, 2017, the Company canceled derivative warrants to purchase 57,212 common shares of the Company, dated December 19, 2012 and issued a new warrant to purchase 57,212 common shares of the Company, see Note 7. As a result of the replacement, the Company recorded an additional expense of $19,356 for the incremental value of the derivative warrant.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, 183,718 warrants were exercised, of which 12,109 were derivative warrants. The fair value of these derivative warrants totaling $17,455 were measured on the various exercise dates and reclassified to additional paid-in capital.

The fair values of the derivative warrants were calculated using a binomial valuation model with the following assumptions at each balance sheet date.