UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ Annual Report Pursuant To Section 13 or 15(d) Of The Securities Exchange Act Of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

or

☐ Transition Report Pursuant To Section 13 or 15(d) Of The Securities Exchange Act Of 1934

For the transition period from _____ to _____

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 001-36374

ACTINIUM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

100 Park Ave., 23^rd Floor

New York, NY 10017

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(646) 677-3870

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the act): Yes ☐  No ☒

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the closing price of the common stock on the NYSE American on June 28, 2024 was $226,015,477.

As of March 28, 2025, 31,195,891 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, were outstanding.

Table of Contents

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, principally in the sections entitled “Description of Business,” “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Report, including statements regarding future events, our future financial performance, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. We have attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should,” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Although we do not make forward-looking statements unless we believe we have a reasonable basis for doing so, we cannot guarantee their accuracy. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks outlined under “Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this Report, which may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risk factors, nor can we address the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.

You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement, each of which applies only as of the date of this Report. Before you invest in our securities, you should be aware that the occurrence of the events described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Report could negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition and stock price. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this Report to conform our statements to actual results or changed expectations.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

Description of Our Business

Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Actinium”, the “Company”, or “we”) is a pioneer in the development of targeted radiotherapies intended to meaningfully improve outcomes for patients with advanced cancers including relapsed or refractory (“r/r”) disease who have failed existing therapies. We are advancing a pipeline of differentiated clinical stage product candidates focused on validated cancer targets. Our current pipeline is focused on indications in myeloid malignancies, solid tumors and conditioning for cell and gene therapies that we believe have high unmet needs that are not addressed by currently available treatment options. Our goal is to create a specialty radiopharmaceutical company with capabilities across radioisotope production, final drug product manufacturing, preclinical research and development (“R&D”) and clinical development. We are deploying our technologies and capabilities, which we believe to be industry-leading, and intellectual property with approximately 230 issued and pending patents worldwide, to develop targeted and next-generation radiotherapies.

Our Product Candidate Pipeline

We are advancing two clinical stage product candidates that are directed against validated cancer targets. Actimab-A is our lead product candidate in development and is intended to address the significant unmet medical needs of patients with myeloid malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (“AML”) and myelodysplastic syndromes (“MDS”). We are also evaluating Actimab-A’s potential to synergize with PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (“ICIs”) in solid tumor indications through the depletion of immune cells known as myeloid derived suppressor cells (“MDSCs”). Iomab-ACT is a next-generation targeted conditioning agent we are developing with the intent to improve patient access to and outcomes with cellular therapies such as CAR-T for various blood cancer indications and gene therapies for non-malignant hematologic disorders such as sickle cell disease (“SCD”). We are also developing ATNM-400, a novel preclinical, non-prostate specific-membrane antigen (“PSMA”) targeting, first-in-class radiotherapy utilizing the Actinium-225 (“Ac-225”) radioisotope payload intended for patients with prostate cancer directed against a novel radiotherapy target.

Actimab-A is being developed as a targeted radiotherapeutic to leverage the Actinium-225 (“Ac-225") isotope payload directed against CD33, a target expressed ubiquitously in patients with AML, MDS and expressed in other myeloid malignancies. We are attempting to leverage the mutation-agnostic ability of Ac-225 to establish Actimab-A as a backbone therapy in myeloid malignancies, which are extremely heterogenous and radiosensitive, as a single agent or in combinations with chemotherapy, targeted agents, cellular therapy and immunotherapy. Actimab-A has been studied in over 150 patients. We plan to initiate a Phase 2/3 trial with Actimab-A in combination with the chemotherapy regimen CLAG-M in patients with r/r AML. In addition to our internal development efforts, we entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (“CRADA”) with the National Cancer Institute (“NCI”) in February 2023 for the development of Actimab-A for AML and other myeloid malignancies. The first clinical trial to be conducted under our CRADA with NCI will evaluate the triplet combination comprised of Actimab-A, Venetoclax and ASTX-727, a novel oral HMA developed by Taiho Oncology, an Otsuka Holdings company, in frontline AML patients. Venetoclax in combination with HMAs (Ven-HMA) is approved for patients with newly diagnosed AML. We believe this trial is supported by our Actimab-A + Venetoclax combination trial that showed that combination was well-tolerated and showed supportive anti-leukemic activity. Additional clinical trial concepts for Actimab-A have been submitted under the CRADA and are being reviewed. We anticipate that additional clinical trials with Actimab-A will be initiated in 2025 including under the CRADA to leverage Actimab-A’s mutation agnostic mechanism.

In March of 2025, we initiated our Actimab-A solid tumor program that will combine Actimab-A with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors. We initiated this program to evaluate if Actimab-A can deplete CD33 expressing MDSCs and hence improve patient outcomes in combination with PD-1 ICIs such as KEYTRUDA^® and OPDIVO^®. The Actimab-A solid tumor program is comprised of several controlled, head-to-head clinical trials that will evaluate the combination of Actimab-A with KEYTRUDA^® versus KEYTRUDA^® alone, and Actimab-A with OPDIVO^® versus OPDIVO^® alone. The initial tumors that are being targeted are Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (“HNSCC”) and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (“NSCLC”) with a separate trial for each indication.  

ATNM-400 is our newest targeted radiotherapy program that we are advancing for prostate cancer. Given the biology of the antigen targeted by ATNM-400 and the precise and potent cell-killing of Ac-225, we believe ATNM-400 has the potential to address unmet needs in prostate cancer. We have generated preclinical data with ATNM-400 showing selective tumor accumulation with minimal uptake in normal tissues. Our experiments also showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity. We continue to study ATNM-400 with additional data expected from Pluvicto-resistant prostate cancer models. Pluvicto (Lu-177-PSMA-617) is a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) directed targeted radiotherapy that uses the beta-particle emitting radioisotope Lutetitium-177 (“Lu-177”) that is approved for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. ATNM-400 is differentiated from Pluvicto as it targets a different marker than PSMA that has been shown to be overexpressed in patients with prostate cancer and uses the alpha-particle emitter Ac-225, which is more potent than Lu-177 but has a shorter path length, which could result in fewer off-target effects such as xerostomia.

In addition to ATNM-400, we have active R&D efforts leveraging our in-house preclinical development and translational research capabilities that are primarily focused on supporting our ATNM-400 preclinical program, the Actimab-A and Iomab-ACT clinical programs and advancing several preclinical programs for solid tumor indications.

Iomab-ACT is our next-generation targeted conditioning agent directed against CD45, a target expressed widely across the hematopoietic system including normal nucleated immune cells such as lymphocytes that is relevant to this program and uses the Iodine-131(“I-131") radioisotope payload. We are developing Iomab-ACT for cell and gene therapies for both malignant and non-malignant hematologic indications. Iomab-ACT utilizes non-myeloablative doses of I-131, to not fully deplete the patient’s bone marrow and immune system with the goal of improving patient access and outcomes for potentially curative cell and gene therapies by replacing the need for the non-targeted, chemotherapy-based conditioning regimens that are currently used. Iomab-ACT is currently being studied in three clinical trials. These trials include Iomab-ACT with a commercial CAR-T therapy, Iomab-ACT prior to allogeneic BMT for patients with SCD, which could potentially inform a trial design with gene therapy for SCD, and Iomab-ACT with a novel investigational CD19 CAR-T therapy. 

We previously advanced our targeted conditioning program Iomab-B through the Phase 3 Study of Iomab-B in Elderly Relapsed and Refractory AML (“SIERRA”) trial, a 153 patient, randomized multi-center trial conducted in the United States. and Canada. Iomab-B is comprised of the anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody apamistamab with myeloablative doses of I-131 intended to enable patient access to bone marrow transplant (“BMT”), the only potentially curative treatment option for patients with r/r AML. At this time, we are seeking a strategic partner for Iomab-B to conduct an additional clinical trial based on feedback from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (“FDA”) and are committed to establishing the best development path forward for Iomab-B in the U.S., while keeping internal resources and strategic priorities in focus. As previously disclosed and noted above, Actinium also has a License Agreement with Immedica, granting Immedica the exclusive product rights for commercialization of Iomab-B in certain countries in the European Economic Area, Middle East and North Africa (“EUMENA”) region.

Actinium’s Approach to Targeted Radiotherapy Development

Radiation is a validated cancer therapy that has been used to treat patients for over 100 years. It is used to treat over half of all patients diagnosed with cancer today. Radiation therapy utilizes rays of energy to kill cancer cells and is commonly used in combination with other cancer treatment modalities. Radiation therapy is primarily administered from outside of the body and therefore passes through normal healthy tissue and organs that result in side effects and toxicities, which can be acute and/or chronic.

With our targeted radiotherapy approach, we seek to address the limitations of external radiotherapy and achieve cellular level precision by leveraging the cancer cell targeting ability of biologic molecules with the cancer cell killing ability of radioisotopes. In doing so, we seek to improve efficacy outcomes, reduce toxicities and expand the use of radiation to cancer indications like blood cancers that cannot be addressed with externally delivered radiation. In addition, we are also testing the use of targeted radiotherapies in solid tumor cancers where there are unmet medical needs. Biological molecules have demonstrated high affinity for cancer cell identification and binding to biological markers on the surface of cells known as antigens or ligands, which are the target receptors for our targeted radiotherapies.

Actinium’s Targeted Radiotherapies

Alpha particles emitted by as the element Ac-225 are the heaviest and have the highest charge, resulting in high amounts of linear energy transfer, which is capable of producing double strand DNA breaks. However, alpha-particles travel short distances of just several microns and as a consequence do not exert radiation outside of the body. Alpha particles can be stopped by an ordinary sheet of paper. Therefore, alpha particle-based therapies do not require special shielding or that patients remain isolated following treatment. Beta particle-based therapies have a longer pathlength but have lower amounts of linear energy transfer and at certain dose levels may require isolation or special handling.

Comparison of Radioisotope Pathlength

We focus on producing drug candidates that match a specific targeting agent with the appropriate isotope for a desired indication. We employ an isotope-agnostic approach to targeted radiotherapy development. Our development efforts are centered on validated targets that are known to have high expression on cancer cells compared to normal healthy cells. We are advancing our clinical product candidates targeting CD33 and CD45 and have completed preclinical studies against other blood cancer targets such as CD38, as well as various validated solid tumors targets.

Our Strategy

We believe that the cell-killing power of linear energy transfer delivered via radiotherapeutics is unmatched by other technologies and that there are multiple indications where radiotherapeutics can succeed over other approaches. However, radiotherapeutics must be delivered on a just-in-time basis, and commercial and supply chain barriers are higher than with other types of medicines. Actinium’s strategy is to build a specialty radiotherapeutics company with the capabilities to produce radioisotopes, manufacture radiotherapies, conduct preclinical research, clinical development and supply radiotherapies to the point of care. We believe our strategy will enable us to build a successful company with the potential for high operating efficiencies.

Our strategic priorities are to:

Establish Actimab-A as a mutation agnostic, backbone therapy for myeloid malignancies including patients with AML and high-risk MDS;

Establish Actimab-A as a pan solid tumor therapy in combination with PD-1 inhibitors including KEYTRUDA^® and OPDIVO^® by depleting myeloid derived suppressor cells;

Determine the potential of ATNM- as a viable treatment for patients with prostate cancer;

Establish Iomab-ACT as a universal targeted conditioning agent for cell and gene therapies to improve patient access and outcomes;

Leverage our R&D capabilities and clinical development experience to further advance pipeline assets for cancer indications with high unmet needs; and

Establish in-house manufacturing infrastructure to support our planned later-stage clinical development and secure partnerships to enable the deployment of our proprietary Ac-225 cyclotron manufacturing technology.

Market Opportunity for Our Targeted Radiotherapies

We believe our clinical programs have the potential to address a significant number of patients with high unmet medical needs and therefore represent large potential market opportunities. To our knowledge, Actimab-A, Iomab-ACT and ATNM-400 are first in class targeted radiotherapies for myeloid malignancies, targeted conditioning for cell & gene therapies and multiple solid tumors, respectively, with each discrete opportunity representing a range of over 100,000 to several hundred thousand addressable patients.

Four Large & Distinct Potential Market Opportunities

Actimab-A Myeloid Malignancies Program

We are focused on developing our lead targeted radiotherapy Actimab-A for patients with AML and MDS, which are the most common myeloid malignancies in adults. AML and certain MDS can progress rapidly, especially in patients with high-risk features such as certain genetic mutations. To our knowledge, Actimab-A is the only CD33 targeted radiotherapy in development for patients with myeloid malignancies.

Myeloid malignancies are a group of cancers that affect blood-forming cells also referred to as hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. These cells are from the myeloid lineage and include white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. Myeloid malignancies include AML, MDS, chronic myeloid leukemia (“CML”) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (“MPNs”).

We believe Actimab-A can be used in multiple treatment settings across the myeloid patient journey. For patients with AML, we plan to develop Actimab-A for both fit and unfit patients in the frontline, relapsed or refractory and maintenance settings either as a monotherapy or in combination with other treatments. For patients with MDS, we plan to develop Actimab-A for patients who have high-risk disease and in the maintenance setting. In the United States and the five largest countries in Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, which we refer to as “EU5”), we estimate the patient population across our target treatment settings in these diseases to be greater than 100,000 patients annually.

U.S. and EU5 AML & MDS Addressable Patient Population

AML is increasingly defined by the presence of genetic mutations or cytogenetic abnormalities as well as prior therapy given the increased number of approved agents. AML is a mutation rich disease that is genetically heterogeneous with identifiable mutations in over 95% of all patients. The most common mutations for which there are approved therapies include fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (“FLT3”), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 & 2 (“IDH1”) (“IDH2”), and nucleophosmin 1 (“NPM1”) & KMT2A rearrangements.

Various treatments are currently approved or utilized for patients with AML and MDS including chemotherapies, targeted therapies, antibody drug conjugates (“ADCs”), hypomethylating agents (“HMAs”) and BMT. Since 2017, twelve therapies have been approved for patients with AML. As part of our development strategy, we have evaluated and expect to continue to evaluate Actimab-A in combination with these approved therapies and other emerging treatment options or therapeutic modalities to leverage its mutation agnostic and potentially synergistic mechanism of action. Given the ubiquitous expression of CD33, we believe Actimab-A has the potential to be a backbone therapy for myeloid malignancies.

Fewer approved treatment options exist for patients with MDS, particularly high-risk patients. Treatments currently approved or utilized for high-risk patients include chemotherapies, HMAs and IDH1 inhibitors. We intend to evaluate the potential utility of Actimab-A in MDS either as single agent or in combination with other therapies.

Given the complexity and aggressiveness of AML and High-risk MDS, these patients are often referred to and treated in comprehensive treatment centers for in-patient treatment as opposed to community, outpatient-based care. As a result, we believe the majority of AML and High-risk MDS patients largely occurs in a finite number of centers, which implies efficiencies from concentration of commercialization efforts.

Actimab-A Solid Tumor Program

We believe a large market opportunity also exists for Actimab-A in solid tumor indications by depleting MDSCs to synergize with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors and potentially other immune checkpoint inhibitors. Several solid tumor indications have shown to have high expression of MDSCs including non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”), melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (“RCC”), colorectal cancer (“CRC), triple negative breast cancer (“TNBC”), head & neck squamous cell carcinoma (“HNSCC”), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma (“GBM”) prostate cancer and ovarian cancer. Cumulatively, over 600,000 patients are diagnosed with these cancers annually. PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors are approved in a significant number of these indications and in 2024 generated sales totaling more than $45 billion.

We are planning to conduct our initial controlled, randomized clinical trials in HNSCC and NSCLC in combination with the PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors KEYTRUDA^® and OPDIVO^®. These two indications represent a potential addressable patient opportunity of over 250,000 patients. We expect to continue to evaluate additional indications for potential future clinical trials assuming our initial efforts are successful.

ATNM-400 Prostate Cancer Program

 Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, with approximately 1 in 8 men diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 313,780 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025. The global incidence of prostate cancer is approximately 1.5 million new cases annually. Approximately 20% of prostate cancer cases are more aggressive forms that progress to metastatic disease, which is associated with significantly worse survival outcomes. Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat prostate cancer, and in 2022, the PSMA-targeting radiotherapy Pluvicto was approved by the FDA and the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Pluvicto is marketed and sold by Novartis and generated sales of $1.39 billion in 2024. ATNM-400 is differentiated from Pluvicto as it targets a different marker than PSMA that has been shown to be overexpressed in patients with prostate cancer and uses the alpha-particle emitter Ac-225, which is more potent than Lu-177 but has a shorter path length, which could result in fewer off-target effects such as xerostomia.

Iomab-ACT Cell & Gene Therapy Conditioning Program

We are developing Iomab-ACT as a targeted conditioning agent to prepare patients for cellular therapies such as CAR-T or BMT and gene therapies. Our current clinical trials are focused on patients with blood cancers and non-malignant blood disorders such as SCD. The first CAR-T therapies was approved in 2017 and currently, there are 6 approved CAR-T therapies for patients with lymphomas, leukemia and multiple myeloma, which generated sales of over $4.0 billion in 2024. We estimate that there are approximately 125,000 patients diagnosed with blood cancers that can be potentially treated with CAR-T therapies, which are currently approved for r/r patients. SCD is a rare, debilitating and life-threatening blood disorder with significant unmet needs that affects approximately 100,000 people in the U.S. Patients with SCD have a mutation that causes red blood cells to develop a crescent or “sickle” shape, which restrict the flow in blood vessels and limit oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues, leading to severe pain and organ damage called vaso-occlusive events (“VOEs”) or vaso-occlusive crises (“VOCs”). The recurrence of these events or crises can lead to life-threatening disabilities and/or early death. An allogeneic BMT is a potentially curative treatment option for patients with sickle cell disease, particularly in pediatric and adolescent patients who have had complications such as strokes, acute chest crises or recurring pain crises due to their disease. In addition, there are two approved gene therapies for patients with sickle cell disease, Casgevy (Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and CRISPR Therapeutics) and Lyfgenia (Bluebird Bio, Inc.).

Our Clinical Product Candidates

Actimab-A: Mutation Agnostic Mechanism of Action with Backbone Therapy Potential in Myeloid Malignancies including AML and high-risk MDS

Actimab-A (Ac-225-lintuzumab satetraxetan) is our lead radiotherapeutic product candidate in development for patients with myeloid malignancies. To our knowledge, Actimab-A is the only CD33 targeting radiotherapy in clinical development. We are focused on developing Actimab-A as both a monotherapy and in combination with other treatment regimens to leverage both the potential mechanistic synergies of radiation and its mutation agnostic cell killing ability. In addition to our internal development efforts, we entered into a CRADA with the NCI in February 2023 for the development of Actimab-A for AML and other myeloid malignancies.

We intend to establish Actimab-A as a backbone therapy leveraging the broad expression of CD33 in myeloid malignancies such as AML and MDS, which, like most blood cancers, are highly sensitive to radiation. AML is a highly heterogenous, mutation rich cancer with over 70 identified driver genetic mutations. However, there are only approved therapies for four mutations including FLT3, IDH1 & IDH2, and NPM1. CD33 is expressed regardless of other mutations being present The Ac-225 isotope payload that we utilize with Actimab-A emits potent alpha-particles with high linear energy that kill cells via double strand DNA breaks for which there is no known resistance or repair mechanism.

Actimab-A’s Mechanistic Synergy and Potential Combinations

Our development strategy is to exploit these properties of Actimab-A to address the unmet needs of patients with myeloid malignancies across the treatment journey including the frontline, relapsed/refractory and maintenance settings. To accomplish this, we are leveraging our clinical development experience, clinical data and preclinical work supporting Actimab-A’s mutation agnostic capabilities.

Actimab-A Clinical Development Experience

To our knowledge, Actimab-A is one of the most studied alpha-particle based targeted radiotherapies in clinical development having been studied in over 150 patients across multiple clinical trials. Actimab-A has been studied at multiple dose levels, different administration schedules and as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy and targeted agents in patients with AML in the front line and relapsed or refractory settings with promising results to date.

Actimab-A Monotherapy Phase 2 Trial

Following multiple Phase 1 clinical trials, Actimab-A was studied in a 40-patient multi-center Phase 2 trial as a single agent in patients newly diagnosed with AML age 60 and above who were ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. At the dose level of 2.0 μCi/kg, Actimab-A produced high overall response rates (“ORR”) of 69% including Complete Remission (“CR”), Complete Remission with incomplete platelet recovery (“CRp”) and Complete Remission with incomplete blood count recovery (“CRi”). Prolonged myelosuppression was the most common adverse event and was expected as it is a known class effect of CD33 targeting therapies and given the advanced age of the patients enrolled. The Actimab-A dose was adjusted to 1.5μCi/kg, which produced an ORR of 22%. Potent anti-leukemic effect was observed at both dose levels. Of the patients treated with 1.5 μCi/kg of Actimab-A, the median age was 75 and over 50% of the patients had an antecedent hematologic disorder including MDS, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and myelofibrosis, which can compromise a patient’s bone marrow function and ability to recover blood counts and proper function. This trial was conducted prior to the approval of many of the targeted therapies that are routinely used in the treatment of patients with AML today. As a result of the prolonged myelosuppression seen with doses of Ac-225 directed against CD33 expressing cells and the evolving AML treatment landscape, we adapted our development strategy for Actimab-A to address the emerging unmet needs of patients in the era of precision medicines for AML.

Anti-Leukemic Activity of Actimab-A Monotherapy

After completing the Phase 2 monotherapy trial, there was strong interest from trial investigators and other key opinion leaders to study Actimab-A in combination with other treatment modalities to leverage its novel mutation agnostic radiotherapy mechanism. We evaluated several clinical trial concepts and elected to pursue combination trials with Actimab-A with the salvage chemotherapy CLAG-M in patients with r/r AML and with the Bcl-2 inhibitor Venetoclax based on the potential for these combinations to address large segments of the AML patient population with high unmet needs.

Actimab-A + Venetoclax Phase 1/2 Combination Trial

Venetoclax is an oral therapy that works by attaching to and blocking the actions of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (“Bcl-2”) protein. Bcl-2 is overexpressed in several blood cancers and prevents cancer cells from undergoing normal programmed cell death or apoptosis, which can help the cancer cells overexpressing Bcl-2 live longer or increase resistance to chemotherapy. In November 2018, Venetoclax received accelerated approval from the FDA in combination with the HMA azacitidine and decitabine or low-dose cytarabine for the treatment of newly diagnosed AML in patients age 75 years or older or patients ineligible for intensive induction chemotherapy. Venetoclax was granted regular approval by the FDA in October 2020.

The Phase 1 portion of the Actimab-A + Venetoclax trial enrolled 18 patients and was conducted at five clinical trial sites. Four dose levels of Actimab-A were evaluated with the primary objective of evaluating the safety of the combination. Actimab-A + Venetoclax was well tolerated with an expected and manageable adverse event profile with no early deaths observed. Efficacy was also evaluated with reduction in bone marrow blasts up to 93% reported.

Actimab-A + CLAG-M Phase 1b/2 Combination Trial

The Medical College of Wisconsin (“MCW”) was an active clinical trial site in the Phase 2 Actimab-A Monotherapy trial. MCW had previously conducted a study evaluating salvage chemotherapies in patients with r/r AML including the regimens MEC, CLAG and CLAG-M. The results demonstrated that CLAG-M produced superior outcomes based on rates of response and overall survival resulting in CLAG-M being the preferred salvage regimen for patients with r/r AML. Based on MCWs experience with Actimab-A and CLAG-M, the team at MCW hypothesized that combining Actimab-A with CLAG-M could improve patient outcomes compared to CLAG-M alone and lead to a clinical benefit by eliminating residual or resistant AML blasts to produce higher rates of remissions and deep remissions including measurable residual disease (“MRD”) negativity.

MCW enrolled 26 adult patients with high-risk r/r AML in the Phase 1b/2 trial of Actimab-A + CLAG-M with 23 patients evaluable for efficacy. Patients in the efficacy cohort had a median age of 62 and 91.3% of patients being intermediate risk (13%) or adverse risk (78.3%) according to the 2017 ELN cytogenetic risk classification. Additionally, 52.2% of patients had a TP53 mutation abnormality, 56.5% of patients had prior Venetoclax treatment and 56.5% of patients had a prior allogeneic BMT with patients having a median of 2 lines of prior treatment (range: 1-5). This trial evaluated four dose levels of Actimab-A in combination with CLAG-M ranging from 0.25 μCi/kg to 1.0 μCi/kg.

Patient Characteristics

The results from this trial were published in the peer-reviewed journal Leukemia in February 2025. In this publication, it was reported that Actimab-A + CLAG-M had a tolerable safety profile with manageable toxicities and demonstrated promising efficacy supporting additional trials to further evaluate the efficacy of the combination including survival outcomes. Based on the results of the study, it was determined that 0.75 μCi/kg is the recommended Phase 2 dose (“RP2D”). In addition to a safety analysis, the results of 5 patients treated in a pharmacokinetic expansion cohort at the RP2D were reported. Treatment-emergent adverse events (“TEAE”) were primarily hematologic and all grade 3/4 TEAEs were hematologic. No patients discontinued treatment due to TEAEs and no early deaths were attributed to the Actimab-A + CLAG-M. The pharmacokinetic analysis evaluated radioactivity in whole blood and results showed that Actimab-A cleared rapidly with no detectable radioactivity after a median of 24.5 hours. Importantly, no significant kidney or liver toxicity has been reported to date and no incidences of veno-occlusive disease (“VOD”) reported.

The efficacy analysis of this trial evaluated rates of CR, composite Complete Remission (“CRc”) which includes CR and Complete Remission with Incomplete Count Recovery (“CRi”) and ORR which include CR, CRi and Morphologic Leukemia-Free State (“MLFS”), as well as MRD negativity and survival outcomes. As listed in the table below, CR, CRc and ORR rates were reported for all patients as well as patients treated at the RP2D, by number of lines or prior therapy and high-risk patients including those with a TP53 mutation and prior Venetoclax treatment.

Rates of CR, CRc and ORR with Actimab-A + CLAG-M

In patients achieving a CRc, MRD negativity was assessed including in patients in various high-risk subgroups. Across all patients, the MRD negativity rate was 75% and was 100% in patients with prior Venetoclax treatment. In the ELN adverse risk patients and those with a TP53 mutation, MRD negativity was 86% and 83%, respectively. We believe these high rates of MRD negativity support the rationale for conducting this study, which was to determine if Actimab-A could deplete residual or resistant AML blasts to produce deep remissions.

MRD Negativity Rates in Evaluable Patients Achieving CRc

Long-term survival outcomes in the evaluable patients receiving Actimab-A + CLAG-M were also reported from this study from a 2-year follow-up. In the patients eligible for a BMT, 60% of patients successfully received a BMT and had a median Overall Survival (“OS”) of 24 months. In patients with one or two lines of prior salvage therapy, the median OS was 18.4 months. The median OS in patients with a TP53 mutation or prior Venetoclax treatment was 9.6 months and 7.3 months, respectively. These survival outcomes compare favorably to outcomes reported in the literature. In patients with prior Venetoclax treatment who then received intensive chemotherapy such as CLAG-M, OS has been reported to be 2.4 - 4.6 months.

Overall Survival Outcomes with Actimab-A + CLAG-M

Based on the positive findings from this trial, we plan to evaluate Actimab-A + CLAG-M will be evaluated in a pivotal Phase 2/3 trial in patients with r/r AML.

Actimab-A + CLAG-M Pivotal Phase 2/3 Trial

We have aligned with the FDA on an operationally seamless, randomized pivotal Phase 2/3 trial to compare Actimab-A + CLAG-M to CLAG-M alone in patients with r/r AML. Based on our interactions with the FDA, this trial will first complete a Phase 2 portion where the Actimab-A dose will be optimized in combination with CLAG-M. We expect the Phase 2 portion of this trial to be initiated in 2025. Once the optimized Actimab-A dose is determined, we expect the trial will seamlessly advance to the Phase 3 portion of the study, which is expected to reduce time and resources required compared to separate Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies. 

Actimab-A + CLAG-M Pivotal Phase 2/3 Trial Design

The primary endpoint of the Phase 3 trial will be Overall Survival. Event-Free Survival (“EFS”) and other efficacy measures as well as safety also being evaluated. We are actively seeking potential strategic partners or collaborators to advance this trial.

Actimab-A NCI CRADA Trials

In 2023, we entered into a CRADA with NCI to develop Actimab-A for the treatment of patients with AML and other hematologic malignancies. The NCI will serve as the regulatory sponsor for any clinical trials mutually approved by both parties to study Actimab-A, and the CRADA will provide extensive support for and accelerate the development of Actimab-A alone or in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted agents and other novel combinations. The CRADA studies will be overseen by the NCI in collaboration with Actinium’s clinical development team, where we have the right to review and approve all protocols and have full rights to all data. The NCI CRADA provides for us to supply Actimab-A and for NCI to cover all clinical trial execution and development expenses, which we believe will be a cost-efficient approach as opposed to a Company sponsored trial and will therefore spare our balance sheet. The NCI Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (“CTEP”), which sponsors approximately two thirds of all combination cancer studies, will accept Letters of Intent (“LOIs”) or concepts for Phase 1, 2 or 3 studies of Actimab-A in AML and other hematological malignancies.

In October 2024, the NCI announced that its myeloMATCH program was officially open to patient enrollment across the U.S. and Canda. MyeloMATCH is a portfolio of clinical trials to test precision medicine treatments for adults with AML or MDS being designed and led by four leading cancer research organizations including the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Canadian Cancer Trials Group, ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, and SWOG Cancer Research Network in collaboration with the NCI National Clinical Trials Network (“NCTN”). Collectively, the myeloMATCH program expects to open trials at hundreds of cancer care sites across the U.S. and Canada with the goal of enrolling 5,000 or more patients over the next several years. Under our CRADA with the NCI, Actimab-A is part of the myeloMATCH program and may be included in future clinical trials.

Actimab-A, Venetoclax & ASTX-727 – Frontline AML Triplet Phase 1b Combination Trial

In March 2025, we announced the initiation of the first clinical trial to be conducted under our CRADA by NCI. The trial will evaluate the triplet combination comprised of Actimab-A, Venetoclax and ASTX-727, a novel oral HMA developed by Taiho Oncology, an Otsuka Holdings company, in frontline AML patients. Venetoclax in combination with HMAs (Ven-HMA) is approved for patients with newly diagnosed AML. We believe this trial is supported by our Actimab-A + Venetoclax combination trial that showed that combination was well-tolerated and showed supportive anti-leukemic activity. The frontline AML triplet trial is expected to enroll up to 48 patients who are newly diagnosed with AML that are age 75 and above and not eligible for intensive chemotherapy. The trial will evaluate various dose levels of Actimab-A along with dosing regimens. We expect initial clinical data to be generated from this trial in second half of 2025.

Triplet Combination Trial Design with Venetoclax, HMA & Actimab-A Backbone

Additional clinical trial concepts for Actimab-A have been submitted under the CRADA and are being reviewed. We anticipate that additional clinical trials with Actimab-A will be initiated in 2025 including under the CRADA to leverage Actimab-A’s mutation agnostic mechanism.

Broad Development Strategy for Actimab-A

Data Supporting Actimab-A’s Mutation Agnostic Profile

To leverage Actimab-A’s mutation agnostic capabilities and support its broad development, we have conducted preclinical experiments studying Actimab-A in combination with targeted agents including Bcl-2 inhibitors, FLT-3 inhibitors, IDH inhibitors and menin inhibitors for NPM1 and KMT2A AML, chemotherapies such as CLAG-M and in cell lines expressing TP53 mutations. The table below outlines the expression rates of these targets in patients with AML.

Actimab-A Combination Data with Menin Inhibitors

In June 2024, we presented the first-ever preclinical data demonstrating the combination of Actimab-A with leading menin inhibitors resulted in anti-tumor control and potent leukemia cell killing in AML models at the 2024 European Hematology Association (“EHA”) Congress. We studied Actimab-A in combination with the leading menin inhibitors, revumenib (Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and ziftomenib (Kura Oncology, Inc.), which are being developed for patients with KMT2A rearrangements and NPM1 mutations, which are present in approximately 10% and 30% of AML patients, respectively. Actimab-A as a single agent showed potent in vitro AML cell killing activity in both MV-4-11 and MOLM-13 KMT2A mutant cell lines, compared to the non-radio conjugated CD33 antibody lintuzumab (p<0.0001) and the combination of Actimab-A with leading menin inhibitors triggered an acute increase in AML necrosis and cell death in vivo relative to single agent therapy within 72 hours of dosing. Actimab-A enhanced AML cell death when combined with both revumenib and ziftomenib at all dose levels in difficult to treat KMT2A mutant AML. Anti-tumor effect was significantly potentiated and prolonged when combining Actimab-A with a leading menin inhibitor compared to monotherapies in xenograft leukemia models in vivo (p<0.0024 Actimab-A + menin).

Enhanced Tumor Control with Actimab-A + Menin Inhibitor Revumenib

Actimab-A Combination Data with FLT3 Inhibitors

We have also evaluated Actimab-A in combination with FLT3 inhibitors such as gilteritinib (Astellas Pharma, Inc.) and midostaurin (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). FLT3 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in AML and is associated with aggressive disease with poor outcomes. Actimab-A was shown to have single-agent activity against FLT3 mutant AML cell lines, supporting its mutation-agnostic mechanism, and enhanced the anti-leukemic activity of the FLT3 inhibition in vitro. We will continue to evaluate the potential of Actimab-A in combination with FLT3 inhibitors.

Synergistic Anti-Leukemic Effect with FLT3 Inhibitors

We expect to present additional data supporting Actimab-A’s mutation agnostic capabilities and backbone potential at future scientific and medical conferences. In addition, we will continue to explore potential clinical trials under our CRADA with NCI, investigator-initiated trials or under our sponsorship.

Actimab-A Solid Tumor Program: Potential Pan Solid Tumor Therapy in Combination with PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibitors Including KEYTRUDA^® and OPDIVO^® by Depleting Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells

Given the significant number of patients treated with PD-1 ICIs, there is extensive data in the medical literature on outcomes in these patients. PD-1 ICIs have significantly improved patient outcomes across several solid tumor indications, however, not all patients have robust or durable responses. Multiple therapeutic modalities have been studied in combination with PD-1 ICIs in attempt to improve patient outcomes, but few combinations have produced a sufficient enough clinical benefit to have been approved. To our knowledge, our Actimab-A solid tumor program is the only CD33 targeted radiotherapy being evaluated in combination with PD-1 ICIs. The rationale for studying Actimab-A in combination with either KEYTRUDA^® or OPDIVO^® is based on the premise that depleting MDSCs with Actimab-A will improve the efficacy of these drugs.

MDSCs are immune-suppressive cells that help tumors evade immune detection and promote disease progression. They are overexpressed in the tumor microenvironment in several different solid tumors and associated with poor outcomes. They work by multiple mechanisms but most relevant to PD-1 inhibitors which work by keeping T-cells active is that MDSCs prevent T-cells from recognizing and attacking cancer cells.

MDSCs Immunosuppressive Effects

Studies have shown that MDSCs are overexpressed in patients with cancers. For instance, a study by Bronte et al., in patients with NSCLC receiving ICIs evaluated the role of immune cells on patient outcomes. In this study, MDSCs were the only immune cell subtype to show a statistically significant association with tumor response. The median level of MDSCs was determined to be 1.9% with patients above that level being classified as “High-MDSC” and patients below that level being classified as “Low-MDSC”. In this study, only Low-MDSC patients had a clinical response with no responses observed in High-MDSC patients and over 80% of High-MDSC patients having progressive disease. In addition, Low-MDSC patients had a statistically significantly improvement in progression-free survival (“PFS”) of 8.39 months compared to 1.94 months in High-MDSC patients and OS of 15.15 months compared to 3.03 months in High-MDSC patients.

There is considerable preclinical scientific evidence in the literature that depleting MDSCs could be a viable strategy in improving the outcomes of PD-1 directed immunotherapy, however, there have been no viable clinical approaches that have been tried successfully to our knowledge.  MDSCs are known to express the CD33 antigen which is the target of Actimab-A.  Actinium has also generated published and unpublished preclinical data showing that Actimab-A can selectively deplete MDSCs in solid tumors. 

Actimab-A Depletes MDSCs in In Vivo Preclinical Models

We believe there is strong scientific rationale supporting the potential for Actimab-A to deplete CD33 expressing MDSCs and hence improve patient outcomes with PD-1 ICIs such as KEYTRUDA^® and OPDIVO^®. Our Actimab-A solid tumor program is expected to be comprised of several controlled, head-to-head clinical trials that will evaluate the combination of Actimab-A with KEYTRUDA^® versus KEYTRUDA^® alone, and Actimab-A with OPDIVO^® versus OPDIVO^® alone. The initial tumors that are being targeted are HSNCC and NSCLC with a separate trial for each indication.

The patient population for these trials will be adults with PD-L1 expression and locally advanced metastatic HNSCC or NSCLC randomized to either Actimab-A alone or Actimab-A with a specific checkpoint inhibitor. The objective of each trial would be to evaluate the safety and tolerability as well as following endpoints including ORR, PFS and OS. Further, the following biomarker data would be collected including the pattern of depletion of CD33+ MDSCs and T-cell activity in peripheral blood. We expect to present initial proof of concept clinical data from the first of these trials in the second half of 2025 as well as provide an update on the outlook for the rest of the trials for the Actimab-A solid tumor program.

ATNM-400 Program: Potential Novel, First-in-Class Ac-225 Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy

In March 2025, we announced ATNM-400, a novel, first-in-class Ac-225-based radiotherapy intended for patients with prostate cancer. We have generated preclinical data with ATNM-400, which has been accepted for presentation at the American Association for Cancer Research (“AACR”) Annual Meeting being held April 25 – 30, 2025. The abstract accepted for presentation highlighted the following:

We continue to study ATNM-400 and expect additional data from Pluvicto-resistant prostate cancer models to be presented at AACR.

Iomab-ACT Program: Potential Universal Targeted Conditioning Agent for Cell & Gene Therapies to Improve Patient Access and Outcomes

The opportunity exists for better conditioning regimens in the area of cellular therapies beyond the non-targeted chemotherapy-based regimens that are used currently. We are working on a next generation targeted conditioning program, Iomab-ACT, for the rapidly growing cell and gene therapy market, as well as BMT conditioning for non-malignant hematologic indications such as SCD.

We are studying Iomab-ACT in collaboration with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (“MSKCC”), for conditioning prior to CAR-T therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (“B-ALL”) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (“DLBCL”). This study funded by a NIH grant is the first study of its kind to use an ARC, with CAR-T therapy. At the 2024 Tandem Meetings | Transplantation & Cellular Therapy Meetings of ASTCT and CIBMTR, we presented results from the ongoing Phase 1 trial. No patients (0/4) developed Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (“ICANS”) of any grade, a major safety measure of the study, as ICANS is observed in 25% or more of patients with r/r B-ALL and DLBCL treated with various CAR T-cell products and negligible incidence of cytokine release syndrome (“CRS”) as outlined in the table below.

Minimal CRS and ICANS in Iomab-ACT Pilot Trial

Additionally, Iomab-ACT demonstrated transient depletion of peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. Persistence of CAR T-cells up to 8 weeks and minimal non-hematologic toxicities have been observed to date. These results prompted us to explore additional clinical trials with Iomab-ACT.

In May 2024, we announced FDA acceptance of an IND for a new Phase 1b/2 clinical trial that will study Iomab-ACT as targeted conditioning prior to patients receiving an FDA approved commercial CAR-T therapy. This is an investigator sponsored trial conducted at the University of Texas Southwestern (“UTSW”). To our knowledge, this will be the first trial to study a targeted radiotherapy conditioning agent with a commercial CAR-T therapy. Given the robust clinical data that exists with commercial CAR-T therapies, we believe this trial may demonstrate the potential for Iomab-ACT to improve outcomes over current chemotherapy conditioning regimens, which we are seeking to replace and provide patients better access to CAR-T. This trial will enroll up to 30 patients and we expect to commence patient enrollment of this study in the first half of 2025 and generate proof of concept clinical data by year end 2025. The primary objectives are safety, tolerability and efficacy. Second objectives will evaluate incidences of CRS and ICANS as well as the persistence and expansion of CAR-T cells, which has been associated with improved efficacy and patient outcomes. If successful, we believe this Phase 1b/2 trial could support a pivotal trial, which could be initiated as early as 2026.

In July 2024, we announced a program for Iomab-ACT focused on providing patients with sickle cell disease broader access to cellular therapies including bone marrow transplant and gene therapies. We also announced in July 2024 the FDA clearance of an IND for an investigator led clinical trial to study Iomab-ACT as targeted conditioning prior to a BMT for patients with SCD in collaboration with Columbia University. Sickle cell disease is a rare, debilitating and life-threatening blood disorder with significant unmet need that affects approximately 100,000 people in the U.S. Patients with sickle cell disease have a mutation that causes red blood cells to develop a crescent or “sickle” shape, which restrict the flow in blood vessels and limit oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues, leading to severe pain and organ damage called vaso-occlusive events (“VOEs”) or vaso-occlusive crises (“VOCs”). The recurrence of these events or crises can lead to life-threatening disabilities and/or early death. A BMT is a potentially curative treatment option for patients with sickle cell disease, particularly in pediatric patients who have had complications such as strokes, acute chest crises or recurring pain crises due to their disease. We expect patient enrollment for the Phase 1 trial to commence in the first half of 2025 and enroll up to 15 patients with initial safety and efficacy results from the initial cohort of patients receiving Iomab-ACT prior to a BMT for their SCD in the second half of 2025.If safety is demonstrated, the trial is expected to inform a clinical trial to evaluate Iomab-ACT as a targeted conditioning agent prior to gene therapy for which there are two approved agents for patients with sickle cell disease, Casgevy (Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Lyfgenia (Bluebird Bio, Inc.).

Iomab-ACT Clinical Trials and Objectives

We plan to continue to develop Iomab-ACT based on early promising results, ultimately with the value proposition of improving overall access and outcomes for patients who need cellular or gene therapies. We believe an opportunity exists for Iomab-ACT to potentially generate significant revenue, if it can provide one or more clinical benefits related to lower CRS, less neurotoxicity, longer duration of response or a higher overall success rate of cellular therapy due to benefits of targeted conditioning.

Iomab-B

In February 2023, Actinium announced that the SIERRA trial met the primary endpoint with statistical significance, as 22% of patients (13/76) on the Iomab-B arm achieved dCR compared to 0% of patients (0/77) on the control arm resulting in a p-value of <0.0001. The SIERRA trial met the secondary endpoint of Event-Free Survival (“EFS”) with a 78% reduction in the probability of an event (Hazard Ratio=0.22, p<0.0001 for both per protocol and ITT basis). EFS at 180 days for the Iomab-B arm was 28% compared to 0.2% for the control arm. In the SIERRA trial, an event was defined as one of the following: a patient not achieving CR/CRp or crossing over, patient not receiving BMT, a patient relapsing or death. The SIERRA trial did not, however, meet the secondary endpoint in achieving a statistically significant improvement in OS in the intent to treat (“ITT”) population.

On August 5, 2024, Actinium announced that it concluded both its clinical and Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (“CMC”) interactions with the FDA regarding the BLA pathway for Iomab-B based on the SIERRA trial results. As previously disclosed, we had received positive feedback from the FDA regarding our CMC package for Iomab-B and were also assigned a BLA number. However, in the third quarter of 2024, the FDA provided definitive feedback that the SIERRA trial alone is not adequate to support a BLA filing for Iomab-B, despite (a) the SIERRA trial meeting the primary endpoint of dCR with statistical significance (p-value<0.0001) and other positive secondary endpoints including Event Free Survival (“EFS”) and safety, and (b) our presentation of several additional analyses from the SIERRA study, including long-term follow-up demonstrating a trend towards improved overall survival and evidence of survival benefit in patients with high-risk TP53 mutations, to support Iomab-B’s impact on overall survival. The FDA indicated that demonstrating an overall survival benefit in a randomized head-to-head trial is necessary and has advised us to conduct a study to evaluate allogeneic BMT using Iomab-B plus a reduced intensity conditioning regimen of fludarabine and total body irradiation (“Flu/TBI”) versus allogeneic BMT using reduced intensity conditioning comprised of cyclophosphamide plus Flu/TBI. This proposed additional study differs from the SIERRA trial, which allowed physician’s choice of salvage chemotherapies and heterogenous conditioning regimens in the control arm. Additionally, the proposed new study will not allow patients to cross over from the control arm, which was allowed in the SIERRA trial and confounded the overall survival analysis in the ITT patient population, as nearly 60% of patients crossed over from the control arm. 

Actinium continued interactions with the FDA in the third quarter of 2024 to further discuss the specifics of the additional head-to-head clinical trial required by the FDA, including the patient population, which the FDA had suggested could include all adult AML patients. In the fourth quarter of 2024, Actinium conducted a further meeting with the FDA. Based on this meeting, Actinium believes it has aligned with the FDA on the patient population for a head-to-head Phase 3 clinical trial to further evaluate allogeneic BMT using Iomab-B plus a reduced intensity conditioning regimen of Flu/TBI versus allogeneic BMT using reduced intensity conditioning comprised of cyclophosphamide plus Flu/TBI in all adult patients aged 18 and above with active AML with blasts counts greater than 5% and less than 20%. This is a broader patient population than the patients enrolled on the SIERRA trial, which only enrolled patients aged 55 and above. Further, the FDA now requires that an additional dose optimization trial demonstrating safety and efficacy be completed to calculate the dose of Iomab-B based on absorbed dose by the bone marrow, rather than the maximum tolerable dose of 24 Gy of radiation to the liver as was done in the SIERRA trial based on several interactions we had with the FDA before starting the SIERRA trial. We are actively seeking a strategic partner for Iomab-B in the U.S. to advance the head-to-head clinical trial or other clinical development activity for Iomab-B.

On April 7, 2022, we entered into a License Agreement with Immedica Pharma AB (“Immedica”), pursuant to which Immedica licensed the exclusive product rights for commercialization of Iomab-B in certain countries in the EUMENA region. Upon signing, we were entitled to an upfront, non-refundable payment of $35.0 million from Immedica, which was received in May 2022. Under the terms of the License Agreement, we are eligible to receive certain regulatory and commercial milestone payments and royalties on net sales of the product in certain countries that may result from the License Agreement. Immedica is responsible for regulatory submissions in the EUMENA region, and we continue to retain commercialization rights in the U.S. and rest of the world.

R&D and Platform Technology

Our R&D capabilities have the potential to yield differentiated, high-value targeted radiotherapy programs that demonstrate our experience across multiple validated cancer targets and isotopes and cover broad areas of focus leveraging our clinical development experience across hematology, targeted conditioning, solid tumors, and next generation radiotherapies. We have internal R&D capabilities with our research laboratory capable of executing in vitro and in vivo experiments and translational research. We are working on several preclinical programs which include novel approaches to validated cancer targets, as well as novel targets that we believe show immense potential for radiotherapeutic approaches. Preclinical pharmacology studies with our targeted radiotherapeutics, such as HER2, CD33 and CD38, have shown strong improvement in tumor growth inhibition in various preclinical tumor models.

We currently believe that our targeted radiotherapies, which utilize biologic molecules, are less likely than small molecules to face pricing pressure and negotiation from IRA, given that small molecules are at risk for pricing negotiations seven years after approval compared to eleven years for biologics with negotiated prices taking effect two years after selection. Further, a drug or biological product that has an orphan drug designation, which our Actimab-A and Iomab-B programs both have, for only one rare disease or condition will be excluded from the IRA's price negotiations requirements until such time the biological products has designations for more than one rare disease or condition, or if is approved for an indication that is not within that single designated rare disease or condition, unless such additional designation or such disqualifying approvals are withdrawn by the time CMS evaluates the drug for selection for negotiation. In addition, regulatory barriers for generic large molecule biologic based targeted radiotherapies are much higher than for small molecule radioligands such as those under development or approved, namely, Pluvicto^®, Lutathera^®, and Xofigo^®. Generic versions of certain radiopharmaceuticals utilizing peptides, which are considered small molecules, have been submitted to the FDA via the ANDA pathway. To our knowledge, only the biosimilar approach pertains to large molecule biologic-based radiotherapies filed under 351(k) BLA pathway. The regulatory pathway for a biosimilar is much more comprehensive than the pathway for generics, and it has not been proven that biosimilars are interchangeable with the innovator’s large molecule biologic targeted radiotherapy. In addition, we are not aware of any regulations that would require us to provide Actimab-A or Iomab-ACT, including their respective mAbs, lintuzumab and apamistamab, to any third party or potential competitor. Despite the above, we are aware that one or more of the policies or regulations that afford our pipeline candidates market protections may change in the future and that one or more of pour product candidates may be disadvantaged by such change.

We seek to expand our capabilities and technologies across therapeutic modalities, linker technologies and in vivo cancer models, and build visibility through presentations at key conferences and publications in journals of high impact. Our R&D efforts are centered on the advancement of key programs with a robust “fast-to-clinic” approach. Underpinning our development programs is our expanded patent portfolio of approximately 230 issued patents and pending patent applications worldwide.

Our Proprietary Ac-225 Cyclotron Manufacturing Technology

With our in-depth, long-term experience in clinical development of Ac-225 based radiopharmaceuticals, we have developed an end-to-end technology solution for producing Ac-225 that has demonstrated radiochemical and radionuclidic purity identical to current gold standard methods. This patented technology has been used to produce Ac-225 in a cyclotron that is essentially identical to that derived from a Th-229 generator and has the potential to be a lower-cost, commercially scalable higher-yielding approach. Importantly, the Ac-225 material produced by our proprietary method contains no long-lived contaminants and less than 0.001% Actinium-227 (“Ac-227”). Using the cyclotron-produced Ac-225 technology may allow for large commercial scale production with estimated cost of goods sold including capital expenditures and operational costs for a single cyclotron facility to be several times less expensive than the price of currently available Ac-225 material.

Demonstrated Radiochemical Equivalence

Blue: Actinium’s cyclotron-produced Ac-225
Red: Ac-225 from a Th-229 generator

Our extensive know-how related to this production technology is supported by five issued patents in the U.S. and 49 patents internationally and covers:

With our Ac-2225 based Actimab-A and ATNM-400 programs and the rapidly increasing number of Ac-225 based programs in development, we believe that we are well positioned to leverage this technology to produce Ac-225 to address the growing clinical and potential commercial demand.

Manufacturing and Supply Chain

Actinium has established significant manufacturing and supply chain expertise having delivered over 500 doses for 18 clinical trials at 45 large cancer hospitals and have never missed a dose.

We believe this experience provides us with insights that are highly relevant to the unique manufacturing and distribution requirements of radiotherapeutics. Due to the short half-life of radioisotopes, our finished drug products are shipped “hot” and must be administered within days. Actinium has established core competencies in the process of manufacturing radiotherapeutics, coordinating with the hospital’s care team, and delivering “just-in-time” doses.

We plan to establish our own manufacturing capabilities and intend to commence the build-out of a facility in the second quarter of 2025. We believe that having in-house manufacturing will provide enhanced control, flexibility and scalability to serve our current and planned clinical trials and R&D efforts as well as potential future activity.

Isotope supply is critical for the manufacturing of radiotherapeutics, and we have engaged several sources for the procurement of alpha (e.g., Ac-225) and beta (e.g., I-131 and Lu-177) emitters. We also have multiple isotope supply agreements and qualified vendors in place to supply isotopes for our active and planned clinical trials. In March 2025, we announced that we entered into Ac-225 supply agreement with Eckert & Ziegler, a leading specialist in isotope-related components for nuclear medicine and radiation therapy, to support our comprehensive development including U.S. and international clinical trials.

Actinium has commercial agreements with Contract Development and Manufacturing Organizations (“CDMOs”) with significant experience in mAb and final radio-labeled drug products. Our finished drug product CDMOs are located in the U.S. and have experience in the international supply of radiotherapies. We have scaled deliberately for manufacturing flexibility and are currently qualifying additional CDMOs to ensure readily available drug product upon FDA approval and the ability to ramp up rapidly to meet commercial demand. 

We have established an actively managed end-to-end supply chain that encompasses isotope sourcing through drug administration at the point of care to execute our clinical trials. Our end-to-end supply chain did not miss a patient dose in our international, 24-site SIERRA Phase 3 clinical trial including 40 additional patients that crossed over from the control arm to receive Iomab-B. We believe we have a thorough understanding and working knowledge of the intricacies required to manufacture and distribute radiotherapies. Through our clinical experience with Iomab-B and Actimab-A, we have developed a wealth of proprietary knowledge to enable coordination between Actinium and all key stakeholders including, but not limited to hematologists/oncologists, infusion center and in patient rooms, nuclear medicine and radiology, hot labs and radio-pharmacies, and radiation safety committees, among others.

Intellectual Property

 Our proprietary technology platform is supported by IP, know-how and trade secrets that cover the generation, development, methods of use and manufacture of targeted radiotherapies and their select components. Our IP covers various methods of use in multiple diseases, including indication, dose and scheduling, radionuclide warhead, and therapeutic combinations.

As of March 2025, our patent portfolio is comprised of approximately 230 issued patents and pending patent applications worldwide, which we believe constitutes a valuable business asset. Our IP includes 47 patent families, including key patents that relate primarily to our radiotherapeutic candidates. Our patent portfolio includes 15 issued patents and 52 pending patent applications in the U.S., and 166 that are issued or pending internationally. The effective lives of the issued patents in our portfolio, or patents that may issue from the pending applications in our portfolio, ranges from expirations between 2024 and 2043.

 For our Iomab-B product candidate, we have four issued patents in the U.S. and issued patents in Canada, Europe and Japan that relate to the composition. The basic patent terms of these patents expire in 2036 and 2037. Related patent applications are also currently pending in the U.S. and internationally. In addition, we own both U.S. and international pending patent applications that relate to the use of Iomab-B or Iomab-ACT in the treatment of cancers and non-malignant conditions.

Our patents also cover key areas of our business such as manufacturing key components of our product candidate, Actimab-A, including Ac-225 in a cyclotron. We have expertise in utilizing the alpha emitting isotope Ac-225 including clinical experience in treating approximately 150 patients with our alpha-emitter-based therapies, “gold standard” linker technology and 5 issued patents in the U.S. and 49 patents internationally related to the manufacturing of Ac-225 in a cyclotron, which we believe has the potential to produce higher quantities of Ac-225 than currently utilized methods. In addition, we also own U.S. and international patents and pending patent applications that relate to the manufacturing of Actimab-A and its use in the treatment of cancers.

Competition

The biopharmaceutical industry is extremely competitive and rapidly evolving, particularly in the fields of oncology, hematology and cell and gene therapy. Our competition is likely to come from larger pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, academia, and other public and private entities that focus on three broad areas relevant to our pipeline candidates – hematology/oncology agents, conditioning agents and radiopharmaceuticals. In addition, in markets where we are going after a target, companies with research programs and capabilities in our disease area focus may also be competing with our programs and pipeline. Additionally, our competition may have more resources than we do and more experience in drug development.

In myeloid malignancies, specifically AML, there are a significant number of programs in preclinical and clinical development. In addition, there are 12 approved products including small molecules and targeted therapies. However, to our knowledge, our Actimab-A program is the only Ac-225 based targeted radiotherapy in clinical development for AML and myeloid malignancies. In addition, Actimab-A is potentially synergistic with a majority of the approved AML therapies. AML assets primarily consist of agents targeting specific AML mutations, immunotherapies, or cell cycle modulators, which largely address finite segments of the population and do not have the broad potential for utilization like Actimab-A. Early clinical and preclinical stage assets consist of more cell therapy and immune cell engagers, and the potential success of these modalities in AML remain uncertain. Our strategy is to develop Actimab-A in combination with other products, and agents in the development pipeline have the potential for synergies in combination with Actimab-A.

In conditioning, agents currently used for myeloablation prior to a BMT, lymphodepletion prior to CAR-T and other adoptive cell therapies and reduced intensity conditioning for gene therapy are largely generic, non-targeted chemotherapeutic agents. Jasper Therapeutics and Magenta Therapeutics ceased development of their antibody and antibody-drug conjugate or ADC conditioning programs for BMT in malignant diseases. Certain companies such as Vertex Pharmaceuticals (“Vertex”), Gilead Sciences (“Gilead”) and Allogene Therapeutics (“Allogene") have or continue to explore non-chemotherapy conditioning with ADCs and antibodies for their in-house, proprietary cellular therapy programs. For example, Vertex in-licensed ADC technology from ImmunoGen Inc. (acquisition by AbbVie announced in November 2023) and had a collaboration with Molecular Templates, Inc. (ceased operations in 2024) to develop targeted conditioning agents, which was subsequently terminated. Allogene is using its own proprietary anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody for use as a lymphodepletion agent in conjunction with CAR-T therapies. Telix Pharmaceuticals has announced plans for a conditioning program based on a CD66 radiotherapeutic approach in systemic amyloid light-chain amyloidosis (“SALA”) via an early-stage investigator-sponsored trial. Molecular Partners is developing a switch-DARPin targeting cKIT×CD16a×CD47 as a conditioning regiment in AML, but this asset is in early preclinical studies. Without exception, all these companies have either preclinical or early-stage programs that are, for the most part, solely focused on their proprietary programs.

Several companies are focused on developing radiotherapies for solid tumors, with a majority of radiotherapy programs focused on PSMA or prostate-specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer, neuroendocrine tumors or fibroblast activation protein (“FAP”). Companies with radiotherapeutics in development include, but not limited to: Abdera Therapeutics, Aktis Oncology, Alpha-9 Theranostics, Ariceum Therapeutics, ARTbio, Bayer AG, Clarity Pharmaceuticals, Cellectar Biosciences, Convergent Therapeutics, CuraSight, Curium Pharma, Full-Life Technologies, Fusion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Lantheus Holdings, Inc., Mariana Oncology (acquired by Novartis AG in May 2024) ), Molecular Partners, Monopar Therapeutics, Novartis AG, Orano Med, Perspective Therapeutics, Point Biopharma, Inc. (acquired by Lilly in December 2023), RadioMedix, Inc., Radiopharm Theranostics, Radionetics Oncology, Ratio Therapeutics, RayzeBio, Inc. (acquired by Bristol Myers Squibb in February 2024), Q BioMed, Inc., Scintomics, Telix, and Y-mAbs Therapeutics, Inc. None of these or other companies that we are aware of appears to be pursuing a development program directed against our biological target.

Government Regulation

Regulatory Compliance

Our research and development activities are all subject to stringent regulation, primarily by the FDA in the U.S. under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”) and its implementing regulations, and the Public Health Service Act (“PHSA”) and its implementing regulations, and by comparable authorities under similar laws and regulations in other countries. This includes research and development, testing, and oversight of suppliers and contract manufacturers involved in the production of our product candidates we are developing, as well as the design, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, handling, labeling, storage, record-keeping, advertising, promotion and marketing. If, for any reason, we do not comply with applicable requirements, such noncompliance can result in adverse consequences, including delays in approval of, or even the refusal to approve product licenses or other applications, the suspension or termination of clinical investigations, the revocation of approvals previously granted, as well as fines, criminal prosecution, recall or seizure of products, injunctions against shipping products and suspension of production and/or refusals of government contracts.

FDA Review Process and Product Approval

Our product candidates are regulated as biologics and must be approved by the FDA before they may be marketed in the U.S. This process generally involves the following:

Clinical trials generally are conducted in three sequential phases, although they may overlap or be combined.

The results of the preclinical and clinical testing, along with information regarding the manufacturing of the product and proposed product labeling, are evaluated and, if determined appropriate, submitted to the FDA through a BLA. Once the BLA submission has been accepted for filing, the FDA’s standard goal is to review applications within ten months of the filing date or, if the application relates to a drug that treats a serious condition and would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness qualifying for Priority Review, six months from the filing date. The review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.

The FDA offers certain programs, such as Breakthrough Designation (“BTD”) and Fast Track designation, designed to expedite the development and review of applications for products intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition. For BTD, preliminary clinical evidence of the product indicates that it may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. The FDA may initiate review of sections of a BLA before the application is complete, and the product may be eligible for accelerated approval. However, receipt of BTD or Fast Track designation does not ensure that a product will be developed or approved on an expedited basis, or at all.

The FDA reviews the BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe, pure and potent, which includes determining whether it is effective for its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP, to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality, potency and purity. The FDA may refer an application to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved, and applications for new molecular entities and original BLAs are generally discussed at advisory committee meetings unless the FDA determines that this type of consultation is not needed under the circumstances.

After the FDA evaluates the BLA and conducts inspections of manufacturing facilities, it may issue an approval letter or a complete response letter (“CRL”). An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the biologic with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A CRL indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete, but the FDA cannot grant approval. A CRL may require additional inspections, and/or other significant, expensive and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, preclinical studies or manufacturing. The FDA could approve the BLA with a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”) to mitigate risks, which could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. The FDA also may condition approval on, among other things, changes to proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and specifications, or a commitment to conduct one or more post-market studies or clinical trials. Such post-market testing may include Phase 4 clinical trials and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product’s safety and effectiveness after commercialization.

Post-Approval Requirements

Any products manufactured or distributed by us or on our behalf pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA and certain state agencies, including requirements for record-keeping, reporting of adverse experiences with the biologic, submitting biological product deviation reports to notify the FDA of unanticipated changes in distributed products, establishment registration, compliance with cGMP standards, and certain state licensing requirements.

Additionally, any significant change in the approved product or in how it is manufactured, including changes in formulation or the site of manufacture, generally require prior FDA approval. The packaging and labeling of all products developed by us are also subject to FDA approval and ongoing regulation. Noncompliance with any regulatory requirements can result in, among other things, issuance of warning letters, civil and criminal penalties, seizures, and injunctive action. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance. The commercial distribution of prescription drugs is subject to the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (“DSCSA”), which regulates the distribution of the products at the federal level and sets certain standards for federal or state registration and compliance of entities in the supply chain.

The DSCSA preempts certain previously enacted state laws and the pedigree requirements of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act (“PDMA”). Trading partners within the drug supply chain must now ensure certain product tracing requirements are met, and are required to exchange transaction information, transaction history, and transaction statements. Product identifier information (an aspect of the product tracing scheme) is also now required. The DSCSA requirements, development of standards, and the system for product tracing have been and will continue to be phased in over a period of years through 2023. In addition to new legislation, FDA regulations, guidance documents, and policies are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our product candidates.

Orphan Drug Act

We have received Orphan Drug designation for Iomab-B and Actimab-A for patients with AML. Under the Orphan Drug Act, FDA may grant Orphan Drug designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. Orphan Drug designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. In the U.S., Orphan Drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages, and user-fee waivers. Orphan Drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The first BLA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active ingredient to treat a particular disease with FDA Orphan Drug designation is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the U.S. for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same orphan indication, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity or where the manufacturer of the approved product cannot assure sufficient quantities. As a result, there can be no assurance that our competitors will not receive approval of drugs or biologics that have a different active ingredient for treatment of the diseases for which our products and product candidates are targeted.

Pediatric Information

Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act (“PREA”), certain BLAs must contain data to assess the safety and efficacy of the drug or biologic for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (“FDASIA”), amended the FDCA to require that a sponsor who is planning to submit a marketing application for a drug that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan (“PSP”) within 60 days of an end of Phase 2 meeting or, if there is no such meeting, as early as practicable before the initiation of the Phase 3 or Phase 2/3 study. The initial PSP must include an outline of the pediatric study or studies that the sponsor plans to conduct or a justification for not including such detailed information, and any request for a deferral of pediatric assessments or a full or partial waiver. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of pediatric data or full or partial waivers. A sponsor can submit amendments to an initial PSP if changes to the pediatric plan need to be considered based on preclinical data collected, early phase clinical trials as well as other clinical development programs.

Foreign Regulation

In addition to regulations in the U.S., we are subject to foreign regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our product candidates, and products being marketed outside of the U.S. We must obtain approval by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of our products in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than required by the FDA for BLA licensure. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. As in the U.S., we are subject to post-approval regulatory requirements.

Other Regulatory Considerations

We are also subject to regulation under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, The Clean Air Act, and other current and potential future federal, state, or local regulations. Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, chemicals, biological materials and various radioactive compounds. We believe that our procedures comply with the standards prescribed by state and federal regulations; however, the risk of injury or accidental contamination cannot be completely eliminated. We may also be subject to healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments where we may market our products and product candidates, if approved. These laws and regulations include, without limitation, state and federal anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, data privacy and security, aggregate spend reporting, and product price advertising.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities including pharmaceutical manufacturers from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in case or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, or either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease or order or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all of its facts and circumstances.

In addition, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended (“ACA”) codified as law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act (“FCA”). The FCA prohibits individuals or entities from, among other things, knowingly presenting or causing the presentation of a claims for payment to, or approval by, the federal government that are false, fictitious or fraudulent, or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. Our activities relating to the reporting of wholesaler or estimated retail prices for products we may commercialize in the future, the reporting of prices used to calculate Medicaid rebate information and other information affecting federal, state and third-party reimbursement for products we may commercialize in the future, and the sale and marketing of products we may commercialize in the future, will be subject to scrutiny under the FCA. State statutes and regulations equivalent or substantially similar to the federal laws may extend to items and services reimbursed by commercial insurers and/or by patients directly. State law equivalents to the Anti-Kickback Statute and False Claims Act may not have adopted exceptions and safe harbors available at the federal level and therefore, may implicate a broader range of activities.

The Federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) imposes criminal and civil liability for knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud or obtain, by any means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any money or property owned by, or under the control or custody of, any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by trick, scheme or device, a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. The federal physician payment transparency requirements, sometimes referred to as the “Physician Payments Sunshine Act,” created under the ACA, and its implementing regulations, which requires applicable manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to annually report to the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made or distributed to physicians and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, the physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Under recent legislation, the Sunshine Act will extend to payments and transfers of value to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other mid-level healthcare providers. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) has the potential to impose penalties for violations of the Sunshine Act, depending on the circumstances, and payments reported under the Sunshine Act also have the potential to draw scrutiny on payments to and relationships with physicians and teaching hospitals, which may have implications under the Anti-Kickback Statute and other healthcare laws.

We may also be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the state governments in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”) and their respective implementing regulations, imposes, among other things, obligations, including mandatory contractual terms with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information held by certain healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, known as covered entities, and business associates. The HHS Office of Civil Rights (“OCR”) has increased its focus on compliance and continues to train state attorneys general for enforcement purposes. Even where HIPAA does not apply, according to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure constitutes unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (“FTCA”), 15 U.S. Code §45(a). Medical data is considered sensitive data that merits stronger safeguards. There are numerous other laws and legislative and regulatory initiatives at the federal and state levels addressing privacy and security concerns, and some state privacy laws apply in broader circumstances than HIPAA.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), which prohibits corporations and individuals from engaging in certain activities to obtain or retain business or to influence a person working in an official capacity. Our present and future business has been and will continue to be subject to various other laws and regulations.

Human Capital

As of March 28, 2025, we had 37 full-time employees, 22 of whom have Ph.D. or M.D. degrees and 22 of whom are engaged in research and development and clinical development activities. We believe that we have been successful to date in attracting skilled and experienced personnel despite the competitive hiring marketing in the industry. Our employees are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement, and we believe that our relationship with our employees is excellent. We continue to engage external consultants on an as-needed basis to temporarily supplement existing staff.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2013. Our principal executive offices are located at 100 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017, and our telephone number is (646) 677-3870. Our website address is www.actiniumpharma.com. The information contained on our website or that can be accessed through our website is not considered part of this report.

We make available free of charge through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any such amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with or furnish such material to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The SEC maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding companies that file electronically with the SEC.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In analyzing our company, you should consider carefully the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Factors that could cause or contribute to differences in our actual results include those discussed in the following subsection, as well as those discussed below in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following are material factors that make an investment in our company speculative or risky. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not currently known to us or other factors not perceived by us to present significant risks to our business at this time also may impair our business operations.

Summary of Risk Factors

We are providing the following summary of the risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to enhance the readability and accessibility of our risk factor disclosures. We encourage you to carefully review the full risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in their entirety for additional information regarding the material factors that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risks Related to Our Business

We are a clinical-stage company and have generated no revenue from commercial sales to date.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date. We will encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early-stage companies in rapidly evolving fields. If we do not address these risks successfully, our business will suffer.

We have incurred net losses in every year since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur net losses in the future.

We are not profitable and have incurred losses in each period since our inception. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $375.8 million and $337.6 million, respectively. We reported a net loss of $38.2 million and $48.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We expect to continue to operate at a net loss as we continue our research and development efforts, continue to conduct clinical trials and develop manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. There can be no assurance that the products under development by us will be approved for sale in the United States or elsewhere. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that if such products are approved, they will be successfully commercialized, which would have an adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operation.

If we fail to obtain additional financing, we will be unable to continue or complete our product development and you will likely lose your entire investment.

As of the date of filing this report, we expect that our existing resources will be sufficient to fund our planned operations for more than 12 months following the date of this report.

Our business or operations may change in a manner that would consume available funds more rapidly than anticipated and substantial additional funding may be required to maintain operations, fund expansion, develop new or enhanced products, acquire complementary products, business or technologies or otherwise respond to competitive pressures and opportunities, such as a change in the regulatory environment or a change in preferred cancer treatment modalities. However, we may not be able to secure funding when we need it or on favorable terms or indeed on any terms. In addition, from time to time, we may not be able to secure enough capital in a timely enough manner which may cause the generation of a going-concern opinion from our auditors which can and may impair our stock market valuation and also our ability to finance on favorable terms or indeed on any terms.

To raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share paid by investors, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders.

If we cannot raise adequate funds to satisfy our capital requirements, we will have to delay, scale back or eliminate our research and development activities, clinical studies, or future operations. We may also be required to obtain funds through arrangements with collaborators, which arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to certain technologies or products that we otherwise would not consider relinquishing, including rights to future product candidates or certain major geographic markets. We may further have to license our technology to others. This could result in sharing revenues which we might otherwise have retained for ourselves. Any of these actions may harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The amount of funding we will need depends on many factors, including the progress, timing and scope of our product development programs; the progress, timing and scope of our preclinical studies and clinical trials; the time and cost necessary to obtain regulatory approvals; the time and cost necessary to further develop manufacturing processes and arrange for contract manufacturing; our ability to enter into and maintain collaborative, licensing and other commercial relationships; and our partners’ commitment of time and resources to the development and commercialization of our products.

We have limited access to the capital markets and even if we can raise additional funding, we may be required to do so on unfavorable terms.

We have limited access to the capital markets to raise funds. The capital markets have been unpredictable in the recent past for development stage radiopharmaceutical and other biotechnology companies and unprofitable companies such as ours. In addition, it is generally difficult for development-stage companies to raise capital under current market conditions. The amount of capital that a company such as ours is able to raise often depends on variables that are beyond our control. As a result, we may not be able to secure financing on terms attractive to us, or at all. If we are able to consummate a financing arrangement, the amount raised may not be sufficient to meet our future needs. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, or at all, our business, including our technology licenses, results of operations, financial condition and our continued viability will be materially adversely affected.

We are highly dependent on the clinical, regulatory and commercial success of Actimab-A, Iomab-ACT and other pipeline candidates which we may never achieve

None of the drug candidates we are developing, or have developed, have received regulatory approval. Based on the current status of our pipeline candidates, it will likely take several years or additional clinical studies before we can seek approval for any drug candidate.

Our Actimab-A drug candidate was studied in a Phase 2 clinical trial as a monotherapy and we are now studying it in combination with other therapies. We have aligned with the FDA on an operationally seamless Phase 2/3 trial that is intended to support a BLA filing. There can be no assurance that the Phase 2 portion of the trial will be successful and support advancing to the Phase 3 portion of the trial. In addition, our Iomab-ACT drug candidate has only been studied in a limited number of human subjects in a Phase 1 trial with a novel CAR-T therapy. While the initial results from this trial were encouraging, there can be no assurance that future results with Iomab-ACT from the commercial CAR-T trial at UTSW or sickle cell conditioning trial at Columbia will be positive.

As for Iomab-B in particular, as previously disclosed, we completed the pivotal Phase 3 SIERRA trial (Study of Iomab-B in Elderly Relapsed or Refractory AML) and presented the trial results in February 2023, which were expected to support a BLA filing. The SIERRA trial met the primary endpoint of dCR with statistical significance (p-value<0.0001) but did not meet the secondary endpoint in achieving a statistically significant improvement in overall survival in the intent to treat population. On August 5, 2024, we announced that the FDA determined that the SIERRA trial alone is not adequate to support a BLA filing and is requiring an additional randomized head-to-head clinical trial to demonstrate an overall survival benefit in an intent to treat population. Further, the FDA is also requiring an additional dose optimization trial to calculate the dose of Iomab-B based on absorbed dose by the bone marrow, rather than the maximum tolerable dose of 24 Gy of radiation to the liver as was done in the SIERRA trial based on several interactions with the FDA prior to the start of the SIERRA trial. Based on this revised approach now required by the FDA, the safety and efficacy data generated from all Iomab-B studies, including the SIERRA trial, are inadequate to seek regulatory approval for Iomab-B, as dosing based on maximum tolerable dose of 24 Gy to the liver will lead to variable doses to the bone marrow (the target organ), result in underdosing or overdosing of patients and translate to a global patient safety risk. We are seeking a strategic partner for the U.S. in order to conduct the additional studies required by the FDA; however, we may not be successful in our efforts to find such a partner, or the trials and studies may not be successful. Further, there are no assurances that we can satisfy all of the FDA’s requests, and there could be additional regulatory hurdles that may result in either non-acceptance or non-approval of a future BLA filing. The U.S. commercial opportunity for Iomab-B may thus never be realized.

As previously disclosed and noted above, Actinium has licensed to Immedica the exclusive product rights for commercialization of Iomab-B in the EUMENA region. We are evaluating the impact of the FDA’s 2024 determination of the SIERRA trial results in the context of global regulatory submissions for Iomab-B. At this time, filings for regulatory approval, obtaining regulatory approvals, and successful commercialization of Iomab-B in the EUMENA region and on a global basis are highly uncertain and may never be realized.

We may be unable to establish sales, marketing and commercial supply capabilities.

We do not currently have, nor have we ever had, commercial sales and marketing capabilities. If any of our product candidates ultimately become approved and we do not secure a commercial partner, we would have to build and establish these capabilities in order to commercialize our approved product candidates. The process of establishing commercial capabilities will be expensive and time consuming. Even if we are successful in building sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be successful in commercializing any of our product candidates. Any delays in commercialization or failure to successfully commercialize any product candidate may have material adverse impacts on our business and ability to continue operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of future health epidemics.

Our business could be adversely impacted by the effects of future pandemics, epidemics or infectious disease outbreaks. The full impact of such an event cannot be predicted at this time, and could depend on numerous factors, including vaccination rates among the population and the response by governmental bodies and regulators. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances, it is difficult to predict the impact of a future pandemic on our business.

A future pandemic could adversely affect our clinical trial operations, including our ability to conduct the trials on the expected timelines and recruit and retain patients and principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to a future pandemic if their geography is impacted by the pandemic. Further, future pandemics could result in delays in our clinical trials due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the pandemic, restrictions in travel, potential unwillingness of patients to enroll in trials, or the inability of patients to comply with clinical trial protocols if quarantines or travel restrictions are implemented that impede patient movement or interrupt healthcare services. In addition, we rely on independent clinical investigators, contract research organizations and other third-party service providers to assist us in managing, monitoring and otherwise carrying out our preclinical studies and clinical trials, and a future pandemic may affect their ability to devote sufficient time and resources to our programs or to travel to sites to perform work for us, which may result in delays or hinder our ability to collect data from our clinical trials.

Additionally, a future pandemic may result in delays in receiving approvals from local and foreign regulatory authorities, delays in necessary interactions with IRB’s or Institutional Review Boards, local and foreign regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations in employee resources or forced furlough of government employees.

Our business is subject to cybersecurity risks.

Our operations are increasingly dependent on information technologies and services. Threats to information technology systems associated with cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents or attacks continue to grow, and include, among other things, storms and natural disasters, terrorist attacks, utility outages, theft, viruses, phishing, malware, design defects, human error, and complications encountered as existing systems are maintained, repaired, replaced, or upgraded. Risks associated with these threats include, among other things:

Although we utilize various procedures and controls to mitigate our exposure to such risk, cybersecurity attacks and other cyber events are evolving and unpredictable. Moreover, we have no control over the information technology systems of third parties conducting our clinical trials, our suppliers, and others with which our systems may connect and communicate. As a result, the occurrence of a cyber incident could go unnoticed for a period time.

We have cybersecurity insurance coverage in the event we become subject to various cybersecurity attacks, however, we cannot ensure that it will be sufficient to cover any particular losses we may experience as a result of such cyberattacks. Any cyber incident could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Regulation

The FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our regulatory plans and we may fail to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Our products are subject to rigorous regulation by the FDA, EMA and numerous other federal, state and foreign governmental authorities. The process of seeking regulatory approval to market an antibody radiation-conjugate product is expensive and time-consuming, and, notwithstanding the effort and expense incurred, approval is never guaranteed. If we are not successful in obtaining timely approval of our products from the regulators, we may never be able to generate significant revenue and may be forced to cease operations. In particular, the FDA permits commercial distribution of a new antibody radiation-conjugate product only after a BLA for the product has received FDA approval. The BLA process is costly, lengthy and inherently uncertain. Any BLA filed by us will have to be supported by extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical trial, chemistry, manufacturing and controls and labeling data, to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and efficacy of the product for its intended use. The lengthy approval process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects. In addition, even if we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may not obtain the price we intend to charge for our products, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates.

For instance, as for Iomab-B, despite the Phase SIERRA 3 trial meeting the primary endpoint of durable Complete Remission (dCR) with statistical significance (p-value<0.0001), the FDA has determined that demonstrating an overall survival benefit in a randomized head-to-head trial is required for a BLA filing. In addition, the FDA is also requiring that an additional dose optimization trial demonstrating safety and efficacy be completed to calculate the dose of Iomab-B based on absorbed dose by the bone marrow, rather than the maximum tolerable dose of 24 Gy of radiation to the liver as was done in the SIERRA trial based on several interactions we had with the FDA before starting the SIERRA trial. The head-to-head Phase 3 trial will evaluate allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) using Iomab-B plus a reduced intensity conditioning regimen of fludarabine and total body irradiation (Flu/TBI) versus allogeneic BMT using reduced intensity conditioning comprised of cyclophosphamide plus Flu/TBI. This is different from the SIERRA trial, which allowed physician’s choice of salvage therapies and heterogenous conditioning regimens in the control arm. However, there are no assurances that the additional trials will be successful or that we can satisfy all of the FDA’s requests. There could also be additional regulatory hurdles that may result in either non-acceptance or non-approval of a future BLA filing.

As previously disclosed and noted above, Actinium has licensed to Immedica the exclusive product rights for commercialization of Iomab-B in the EUMENA region. We are evaluating the impact of the FDA’s 2024 determination of the SIERRA trials results referred to above in the context of global regulatory submission for Iomab-B. At this time, filings for regulatory approval, obtaining regulatory approvals, and successful commercialization of Iomab-B in the EUMENA region and on a global basis are highly uncertain and may never be realized.

We are also evaluating Iomab-ACT, which uses a lower dose I-131 for conditioning prior to cellular therapies such as CAR-T and gene therapies. We are currently studying Iomab-ACT in three clinical trials including two investigator sponsored studies.

Our Actimab-A (lintuzumab-Ac-225) product candidate has also been studied in several Phase 1 and 2 trials under our sponsorship and investigator-initiated trials in patients with r/r AML and we plan to continue to study Actimab-A in clinical trials. Actimab-A is also being developed under a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and we expect clinical trials to be initiated that will study Actimab-A as a single agent or in combination with other therapies. Product candidates utilizing the lintuzumab antibody would require BLA approval before they can be marketed in the United States. We are in the early stages of evaluating other product candidates consisting of conjugates of Ac-225 with human or humanized antibodies for pre-clinical and clinical development in other types of cancer. The FDA may not approve these products for the indications that are necessary or desirable for successful commercialization. The FDA may fail to approve any BLA we submit for new product candidates or for new intended uses or indications for approved products or future product candidates. Failure to obtain FDA approval for our products in the proposed indications would have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations. 

The approval process in the United States and in other countries could result in unexpected and significant costs for us and consume management’s time and other resources. The FDA, EMA and other foreign regulatory agencies could ask us to supplement our submissions, collect non-clinical data, conduct additional clinical trials or engage in other time-consuming actions, or it could simply deny our applications. In addition, even if we obtain approval to market our products in the United States or in other countries, the approval could be revoked, or other restrictions imposed if post-market data demonstrates safety issues or lack of effectiveness. We cannot predict with certainty how, or when, the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities will act. If we are unable to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals, our financial condition and cash flow may be materially adversely affected, and our ability to grow domestically and internationally may be limited. Additionally, even if we obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications that we request. The Company’s products may not be approved for the specific indications that are most necessary or desirable for successful commercialization or profitability.

We have not demonstrated that any of our products are safe and effective for any indication and will continue to expend substantial time and resources on clinical development before any of our current or future product candidates will be eligible for FDA approval, if ever.

We expect that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures over the next few years will be devoted to development of our existing and contemplated biological product candidates. Accordingly, our business currently depends heavily on the successful development, FDA approval, and commercialization of such candidates, which may never receive FDA approval or be successfully commercialized even if FDA approval is received. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing, and distribution of our biological product candidates are, and will remain, subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, as applicable. We are currently not permitted to market any of our current or future product candidates in the United States until we receive FDA approval (of each) via the BLA process. To date, we have three product candidates in clinical development and have not-yet submitted a BLA for any of our candidates and, for many such candidates, do not expect to be in a position to do so for the foreseeable future, as there are numerous developmental steps that must be completed before we can prepare and submit a BLA. 

In the United States, the FDA regulates pharmaceutical and biological product candidates under the FDCA and the Public Health Service Act (“PHSA”), as well as their respective implementing regulations. Such products and product candidates are also subject to other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local, and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. The process required by the FDA before a drug or biological product may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

Before testing any biological product candidate in humans, the product candidate enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety and activity of the product candidate. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including GLPs. The clinical trial sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND. Some preclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions regarding the proposed clinical trials and places the trial on a clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a biological product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, trials may not recommence without FDA authorization and then only under terms authorized by the FDA. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin or that, for those that have already commenced under an active IND, that issues will not arise that suspend or terminate such trials. 

Clinical trials involve the administration of the biological product candidate to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety, including stopping rules that assure a clinical trial will be stopped if certain adverse events should occur. Each protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Clinical trials must be conducted and monitored in accordance with the FDA’s regulations composing the GCP requirements, including the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the form and content of the informed consent that must be signed by each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

Post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These clinical trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication, particularly for long-term safety follow-up.

After the completion of clinical trials of a biological product, FDA approval of a BLA must be obtained before commercial marketing of the biological product. The BLA must include results of product development, laboratory and animal studies, human trials, information on the manufacture and composition of the product, proposed labeling and other relevant information. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data, or full or partial waivers. The testing and approval processes require substantial time and effort and there can be no assurance that the FDA will accept the BLA for filing and, even if filed, that any approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Before approving a BLA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure that the clinical trials were conducted in compliance with IND trial requirements and GCP requirements. To assure cGMP and GCP compliance, an applicant must incur significant expenditure of time, money and effort in the areas of training, record keeping, production, and quality control.

Notwithstanding the submission of relevant data and information, the FDA may ultimately decide that the BLA does not satisfy its regulatory criteria for approval and deny approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data. We cannot predict with any certainty if or when we might submit a BLA for regulatory approval for our product candidates or whether any such BLA will be approved by the FDA. Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. For example, the FDA may not agree with our proposed endpoints for any clinical trial we propose, which may delay the commencement of our clinical trials. The clinical trial process is also lengthy and requires substantial time and effort.

We expect that the clinical trials we need to conduct to be in a position to submit BLAs for our product candidates currently in-development will take, at least, several years to complete. Moreover, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. Also, the results of early preclinical and clinical testing may not be predictive of the results of subsequent clinical trials. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier studies, and preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to multiple interpretations and analyses. Many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have, nonetheless, failed to obtain marketing approval of their products. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials, which involve many more subjects, and the results of later clinical trials may not replicate the results of prior clinical trials and preclinical testing. Any failure or substantial delay in our product development plans may have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may encounter substantial delays in our clinical trials or may not be able to conduct our trials on the timelines we expect.

We cannot predict whether we will encounter problems with any of our ongoing or planned clinical trials that will cause us or regulatory authorities to delay, suspend, or discontinue clinical trials or to delay the analysis of data from ongoing clinical trials. Any of the following could delay or disrupt the clinical development of our product candidates and potentially cause our product candidates to fail to receive regulatory approval:

We may suspend, or the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities may require us to suspend, clinical trials of a product candidate at any time if we or they believe the patients participating in such clinical trials, or in independent third-party clinical trials for drugs based on similar technologies, are being exposed to unacceptable health risks including but not limited to unacceptable or suboptimal factors related to toxicity, clinical efficacy, imbalances in safety and efficacy profiles or for other reasons.

Further, individuals involved with our clinical trials may serve as consultants to us from time to time and receive stock options or cash compensation in connection with such services. If these relationships and any related compensation to the clinical investigator carrying out the study result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or the FDA concludes that the financial relationship may have affected interpretation of the study, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. The delay, suspension or discontinuation of any of our clinical trials, or a delay in the analysis of clinical data for our product candidates, for any of the foregoing reasons, could adversely affect our efforts to obtain regulatory approval for and to commercialize our product candidates, increase our operating expenses and have a material adverse effect on our financial results. 

Clinical trials may also be delayed or terminated as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA, the IRBs at the sites where the IRBs are overseeing a trial, or a data safety monitoring board, or DSMB (Data Safety Monitoring Board)/DMC (Data Monitoring Committee), overseeing the clinical trial at issue, or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including:

Modifications to our product candidates may require federal approvals.

The BLA application is the vehicle through which the company may formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing in the United States. Once a particular product candidate receives FDA approval, expanded uses or uses in new indications of our products may require additional human clinical trials and new regulatory approvals, including additional IND and BLA submissions and premarket approvals before we can begin clinical development, and/or prior to marketing and sales. If the FDA requires new approvals for a particular use or indication, we may be required to conduct additional clinical studies, which would require additional expenditures and harm our operating results. If the products are already being used for these new indications, we may also be subject to significant enforcement actions.

Conducting clinical trials and obtaining approvals is a time-consuming process, and delays in obtaining required future approvals could adversely affect our ability to introduce new or enhanced products in a timely manner, which in turn would have an adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operation.

Clinical trials necessary to support approval of our product candidates are time-consuming and expensive.

Initiating and completing clinical trials necessary to support FDA approval of a BLA for Iomab-B, Actimab-A, and other product candidates, is a time-consuming and expensive process, and the outcome is inherently uncertain. Moreover, the results of early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, and any product candidate we advance into clinical trials may not have favorable results in later clinical trials.

For instance, we worked with the FDA to develop the SIERRA clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of Iomab-B in patients with r/r AML who are aged 55 and above prior to a BMT. Even though the SIERRA trial met the primary endpoint of dCR with statistical significance (p-value<0.0001), the FDA has determined that the analyses from the SIERRA trial do not support a BLA filing for Iomab-B. The FDA now requires an additional head-to-head Phase 3 clinical study. We have further discussed the specifics of this additional clinical trial with the FDA. Based on these discussions, Actinium believes it has aligned with the FDA on the patient population for this additional clinical trial, which can include all adult patients aged 18 and above with active AML with blasts counts greater than 5% and less than 20%. This is a broader patient population than the patients enrolled on the SIERRA trial, which only enrolled patients aged 55 and above. Further, the FDA is also requiring that an additional dose optimization trial demonstrating safety and efficacy be completed to calculate the dose of Iomab-B based on absorbed dose by the bone marrow, rather than the maximum tolerable dose of 24 Gy of radiation to the liver as was done in the SIERRA trial based on several interactions we had with the FDA before starting the SIERRA trial. We are seeking a strategic partner for Iomab-B in the U.S. to advance these additional trials. Even if we are able to secure a partner, there are no assurances that the additional trials will be successful or that we can satisfy all of the FDA’s requests. There could also be additional regulatory hurdles that may result in either non-acceptance or non-approval of a future BLA.

Preliminary, Interim, and “top-line” data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose preliminary, interim, and top-line data from our clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change as more patient data become available or following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We may also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. Our clinical trials may be open label studies and certain of our clinical development and or operations staff may review interim or preliminary safety or efficacy data during routine data collection, cleaning and analysis from time to time. Interim or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Preliminary, interim or top-line data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the top-line, interim or preliminary data we previously published. As a result, top-line, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available.

From time to time, we may also disclose interim data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse differences between interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Further, disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors could result in volatility in the price of our common stock.

Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions, or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular product candidate or product and our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure.

If the interim, top-line or preliminary data that we report differ from final results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize, our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

Our clinical trials may fail to demonstrate adequately the efficacy and safety of our product candidates, which would prevent or delay regulatory approval and commercialization.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support our product candidate claims or that the FDA or foreign authorities will agree with our conclusions regarding them. Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses. If FDA concludes that the clinical trials for Actimab-A, Iomab-ACT, or any other product candidate for which we might seek approval, have failed to demonstrate safety and effectiveness, we would not receive FDA approval to market that product candidate in the United States for the indications sought. In addition, such an outcome could cause us to abandon the product candidate and might delay the development of others. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials will delay or preclude the filing of any submissions with the FDA and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenues. It is also possible that patients enrolled in clinical trials will experience adverse side effects that are not currently part of a product candidate’s profile. 

The intellectual property related to antibodies we have licensed has expired or likely expired.

The key patents related to the humanized antibody, lintuzumab, which we use in our Actimab-A product candidate have expired. It is generally possible that others may be eventually able to use an antibody with the same sequence, and we will then need to rely on additional patent protection covering alpha particle drug products comprising Ac-225. Our final drug construct, Actimab-A, consists of the lintuzumab antibody labeled with the isotope Ac-225. We currently own issued and pending patents relating to methods of manufacturing Actimab-A, methods of treatment using Actimab-A and production of the Ac-225 isotope. In addition, we possess trade secrets and know how related to the manufacturing and use of isotopes. Any competing product based on the lintuzumab antibody is likely to require several years of development before achieving our product candidate’s current status and may be subject to significant regulatory hurdles but such development by others is nevertheless a possibility that could negatively impact our business in the future. We own 4 issued U.S. patents, 2 issued Canadian patents, 1 issued European patent (validated as a national patent in several countries) and 1 issued Japanese patent that relate to the composition of our Iomab-B product candidate. Patent applications relating to Iomab-B are also pending in the U.S. and internationally. We have and may continue to file patents related to Iomab-B that can provide barriers to entry but there is no certainty that these patents will be granted or such granting thereof will adequately prevent others from seeking to replicate and use the apamistamab antibody or the construct. Our patent portfolio includes pending applications related to radioimmunoconjugate composition, formulation administration, and methods of use in treating solid or liquid cancers. This subject matter includes composition, administration, and methods of treatment for our product candidates Actimab-A and Iomab-B. Any competing product based on the antibody used in Iomab-B is likely to require several years of development before achieving our product candidate’s current status and may be subject to significant regulatory hurdles. Further, if approved, Iomab-B would be entitled to 12 years of market exclusivity in the U.S. and 10 years in Europe, during which time no generic biologic or biosimilar referencing Iomab-B can be granted marketing approval. 

Our Actimab-A program clinical trials are testing the same drug construct.

Our Actimab-A program is comprised of several clinical trials conducted under the CRADA with NCI, Actinium sponsored trials, investigator-initiated trials in AML and other myeloid indications and solid tumors that will study the same drug construct consisting of lintuzumab-Ac-225. Negative results from any of these trials could negatively impact our ability to enroll or complete our other trials studying lintzumab-Ac-225, including future studies conducted under our CRADA with the NCI. Additionally, negative outcomes including safety concerns, may result in the FDA requiring amendment to certain clinical trials, placing a clinical hold on certain or all clinical trials or discontinuing other trials utilizing lintuzumab-Ac-225.

We are currently developing, and in the future may develop, product candidates in combination with other therapies and that may expose us to additional risks.

We are currently developing, and may develop future product candidates, for use in combination with one or more currently approved therapies. For example, Actimab-A is expected to be tested in combination with KEYTRUDA^® and OPDIVO^® for treating HNSCC and NSCLC. If any of the approved therapies we currently or may, in the future, use in combination with a current or future product candidate is found defective, removed from the market, or otherwise becomes unavailable, our clinical trials may face significant delays, be suspended, or terminated. Any such events would likely have a material impact on our operations and the development of the affected product candidate(s) and may ultimately prevent the approval of such product candidate or render continued development efforts too costly to proceed.

Even if a current or future product candidate were to receive FDA approval to be commercialized in the U.S. for use in combination with one or more existing therapies, we would continue to be subject to the risk that the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities could revoke approval of the therapy used in combination with our product candidate or that safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with any such existing therapies. This could result in our own products being removed from the market or cause material delays in, or the suspension or discontinuation, of our production and/or distribution of the applicable product, as our ability to market any such product will be limited to the extent specified in the FDA’s approval, if granted.

We may be unable to obtain a sufficient supply of isotopes to support clinical development or at commercial scale. 

Iodine-131 is a key component of our Iomab-B drug candidate. We source medical grade I-131 from multiple suppliers, including two leading global manufacturers. Currently, we believe there is sufficient supply of I-131 to support additional trials we may undertake utilizing I-131 and for future commercialization of potential I-131 based products. We continually evaluate I-131 manufacturers and suppliers. While we consider I-131 to be commoditized and obtainable through several suppliers, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to secure I-131 or obtain I-131 on terms that are acceptable to us.

Actinium-225 is a key component of our Actimab-A product candidate, technology platform, preclinical R&D programs and other drug candidates that we might consider for development with the Ac-225 payload. We have secured multiple suppliers that are expected to provide cGMP Ac-225 for our planned clinical trials. There are adequate quantities of Ac-225 available today to meet our current needs via our present supplier, the Department of Energy (“DOE”), who has been our primary supplier of Ac-225 historically. The Ac-225 currently supplied for our clinical trials from the DOE is derived from the natural decay of thorium-229 from so-called ‘thorium-cows’ and is able to produce sufficient quantities that are several multiples of the amount of Ac-225 we require to supply our clinical programs through to early commercialization phase. The DOE is also producing Ac-225 from a recently developed alternative route for Ac-225 production via a linear accelerator that is currently being evaluated by us. Initial preclinical and modelling results have indicated that the linear accelerator sourced Ac-225 does not impact labelling efficiency and expected distribution. In accordance with representations made by the DOE, the capacity of Ac-225 from this route is expected to be sufficient to supply all of Actinium’s pipeline and commercial Ac-225 needs and support new program expansion by not just Actinium but also other companies that are developing Ac-225 based products. Additional routes of Ac-225 production are being pursued by the DOE including the generation of new thorium cows and production via a cyclotron. The cyclotron production method for Ac-225 production leverages Actinium’s proprietary technology and know-how and presents an additional path towards production of high-quality Ac-225 at a scale that would be able to satisfy commercial needs. In addition, we are aware of at least ten other government and non-government entities globally including the U.S., Canada, Russia, Belgium, France and Japan that have, or expect to have ability to supply Ac-225 or equipment for its production within the timeframes relevant to the potential first commercial approval of our Ac-225-based drug candidate.

Our contract for supply of this isotope from the DOE must be renewed yearly, and we renewed our contract to extend through the end of 2025. While we expect this contract will continue to be renewed at the end of its term as it has since 2009, there can be no assurance that the DOE will renew the contract or that change its policies that allow for the sale of isotope to us. There can be no assurance that the DOE or our other suppliers will be able to supply all of the quantities of Ac-225 we request in the future. Failure to acquire sufficient quantities of medical grade Ac-225 would make it impossible to effectively complete clinical trials and to commercialize any Ac-225 based drug candidates that we may develop and would materially harm our business. 

Our ability to conduct clinical trials to advance our drug candidates is dependent on our ability to obtain the radioisotopes I-131, Ac-225 and other isotopes we may choose to utilize in the future. Currently, we are dependent on third party manufacturers and suppliers for our isotopes. These suppliers may not perform their contracted services or may breach or terminate their agreements with us. Our suppliers are subject to regulations and standards that are overseen by regulatory and government agencies and we have no control over our suppliers’ compliance to these standards. Failure to comply with regulations and standards may result in their inability to supply isotopes and could result in delays in our clinical trials, which could have a negative impact on our business. We have developed intellectual property, know-how and trade secrets related to the manufacturing process of Ac-225. While we have manufactured medical grade Ac-225 of a purity compared to the cyclotron sourced material in the past, this activity was terminated due to operating cost reasons, and we currently do not have experience in manufacturing medical grade Ac-225 and may not obtain the resources necessary to establish our own manufacturing capabilities in the future. Our inability to build out and establish our own manufacturing facilities would require us to continue to rely on third party suppliers as we currently do. However, based on our current third-party suppliers and potential future suppliers of Ac-225 we expect to have adequate isotope supply to support our current ongoing clinical trials, current and planned preclinical R&D activities and commercialization should our drug candidates receive regulatory approval.

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the trial until its conclusion. We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including:

In addition, refractory patients, which several of our trials have or are expected to enroll, participating in clinical trials are seriously and often terminally ill and therefore may not complete the clinical trial due to reasons including comorbid conditions or occurrence of adverse medical events related or unrelated to the investigational products, or death. Even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our clinical trials, delays in patient enrollment will result in increased costs or affect the timing of our planned trials, which could adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our product candidates. 

FDA may take actions that would prolong, delay, suspend, or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates, which may delay or prevent us from commercializing our product candidates on a timely basis.

There can be no assurance that the data generated in our clinical trials will be acceptable to FDA or that if future modifications during the trial are necessary, that any such modifications will be acceptable to FDA. Certain modifications to a clinical trial protocol made during the course of the clinical trial have to be submitted to the FDA. This could result in the delay or halt of a clinical trial while the modification is evaluated. In addition, depending on the quantity and nature of the changes made, FDA could take the position that some or all of the data generated by the clinical trial is not usable because the same protocol was not used throughout the trial. This might require the enrollment of additional subjects, which could result in the extension of the clinical trial and the FDA delaying approval of a product candidate. If the FDA believes that its prior approval is required for a particular modification, it can delay or halt a clinical trial while it evaluates additional information regarding the change.

Any delay or termination of our current or future clinical trials as a result of the risks summarized above, including delays in obtaining or maintaining required approvals from IRBs, delays in patient enrollment, the failure of patients to continue to participate in a clinical trial, and delays or termination of clinical trials as a result of protocol modifications or adverse events during the trials, may cause an increase in costs and delays in the filing of any submissions with the FDA, delay the approval and commercialization of our product candidates or result in the failure of the clinical trial, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects. Lengthy delays in obtaining regulatory approval for Iomab-B or completion of our ongoing or planned clinical trials would adversely affect our business and prospects and could cause us to cease operations.

We have obtained orphan drug designation from FDA for two of our current product candidates and intend to pursue such designation for other candidates and indications in the future, but we may be unable to obtain such designations or to maintain the benefits associated with any orphan drug designations we have received or may receive in the future.

We have received orphan drug designation for Actimab-A and Iomab-B for treatment of AML in both the United States and the EU. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or if it affects more than 200,000 individuals in the United States, there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available a drug or biologic for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the United States for that drug or biologic. Similarly, the EMA grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU.

Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug or biologic nor gives the drug or biologic any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process. In the United States, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives, such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages, and application fee waivers. In addition, if a product candidate receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has orphan designation, such product is entitled, upon approval, to seven years of orphan-drug exclusivity, during which the FDA may not approve any other application to market the same drug for the same indication, unless a subsequently approved product is clinically superior to orphan drug or where the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient product quantity in the applicable patient population. In the EU, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and ten years of market exclusivity following drug or biological product approval. This period may be reduced to six years if the orphan drug designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity.

Even if we obtain (or have obtained) orphan drug designation for certain product candidates, we may not be the first to obtain marketing approval for such candidates for the applicable indications due to the uncertainties inherent in the development of novel biologic products, and, an orphan drug candidate may not receive orphan-drug exclusivity upon approval if such candidate is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

Finally, even if we successfully obtain orphan-drug exclusivity for an orphan drug candidate upon approval, such exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because (i) different drugs with different active moieties can be approved for the same condition; and (ii) the FDA or EMA can also subsequently approve a subsequent product with the same active moiety and for the same indication as the orphan drug if the later-approved drug if deemed clinically superior to the orphan drug.

Even if we receive regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates will require surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. The FDA may also require a REMS in order to approve our product candidates, which could entail requirements for a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for our product candidates will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMPs and GCPs for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. In addition, the FDA could require us to conduct another study to obtain additional safety or biomarker information. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our product candidates, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party suppliers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

The FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Coverage and reimbursement may be limited or unavailable in certain market segments for our product candidates which could limit our sales of our product candidates, if approved.

The commercial success of our product candidates in both domestic and international markets will be substantially dependent on whether third-party coverage and reimbursement is available for patients that use our products. However, the availability of insurance coverage and reimbursement for newly approved cancer therapies is uncertain, and therefore, third-party coverage may be particularly difficult to obtain even if our products are approved by the FDA as safe and efficacious. Patients using existing approved therapies are generally reimbursed all or part of the product cost by Medicare or other third-party payors. Medicare, Medicaid, health maintenance organizations and other third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new drugs, and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for these products. Submission of applications for reimbursement approval generally does not occur prior to the filing of a BLA for that product and may not be granted until many months after BLA approval. In order to obtain coverage and reimbursement for these products, we or our commercialization partners may have to agree to a net sales price lower than the net sales price we might charge in other sales channels. The continuing efforts of government and third-party payors to contain or reduce the costs of healthcare may limit our revenue. Initial dependence on the commercial success of our products may make our revenues particularly susceptible to any cost containment or reduction efforts.

Healthcare legislative reform measures intended to increase pressure to reduce prices of pharmaceutical products paid for by Medicare or, otherwise, affect the federal regulation of the U.S. healthcare system could have a material adverse effect our business, future revenue, if any, and results of operations. 

In the United States, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory initiatives focused on containing the cost of healthcare. The Affordable Care Act, for example, substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. The Affordable Care Act contains a number of provisions that could impact our business and operations, primarily, once we obtain FDA approval to commercialize one of our product candidates in the United States, if ever, and may also affect our operations in ways we cannot currently predict. Affordable Care Act provisions that may affect our business include, among others, those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes, rules regarding prescription drug benefits under health insurance exchanges, expansion of the 340B program, expansion of state Medicaid programs, fees and increased discount and rebate obligations, transparency and reporting requirements, and fraud and abuse enforcement. Such changes may impact existing government healthcare programs, industry competition, formulary composition, and may result in the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives, health technology assessments, and improvements to the physician quality reporting system and feedback program.

There have been significant judicial, administrative, executive, and legislative initiatives to modify, limit, replace, or repeal the Affordable Care Act since its enactment. For example, during his first term, former President Trump issued several Executive Orders and other directives designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the Affordable Care Act. Concurrently, Congress considered legislation that would repeal or replace all or part of the Affordable Care Act. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation the Affordable Care Act have been passed. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the Affordable Care Act provision requiring individuals to purchase and maintain health coverage, or the “individual mandate,” by reducing the associated penalty to zero, beginning in 2019. In December 2018, a district court in Texas held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and that the rest of the Affordable Care Act is, therefore, invalid. On appeal, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the holding on the individual mandate but remanded the case back to the lower court to reassess whether and how such holding affects the validity of the rest of the Affordable Care Act. The Fifth Circuit’s decision on the individual mandate was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. On June 17, 2021, the Supreme Court held that the plaintiffs (comprised of the state of Texas, as well as numerous other states and certain individuals) did not have standing to challenge the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate and, accordingly, vacated the Fifth Circuit’s decision and instructed the district court to dismiss the case. As a result, the Affordable Care Act remained in effect in its then-current form; however, we cannot predict what additional challenges may arise in the future, the outcome thereof, or the impact any such actions may have on our business. This uncertainty has become even greater given the new Trump administration and its proposed agenda.

In addition to the Affordable Care Act, there have been numerous other Congressional initiatives and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. Pharmaceutical product prices have been the focus of increased scrutiny by the government, including certain state attorneys general, members of Congress and the United States Department of Justice. State or federal healthcare reform measures or other social or political pressure to lower the cost of pharmaceutical products could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. 

The Biden administration also introduced various measures in 2021 focusing on healthcare and drug pricing, in particular. For example, on January 28, 2021, former President Biden issued an executive order that initiated a special enrollment period for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the Affordable Care Act marketplace, which began on February 15, 2021, and remained open through August 15, 2021. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the Affordable Care Act. On the legislative front, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 was signed into law on March 11, 2021, which, in relevant part, eliminates the statutory Medicaid drug rebate cap, currently set at 100% of a drug’s average manufacturer price, for single source drugs and innovator multiple source drugs, which began on January 1, 2024. And, in July 2021, the Biden administration released an executive order entitled, “Promoting Competition in the American Economy,” with multiple provisions aimed at prescription drugs. In response, on September 9, 2021, HHS released a “Comprehensive Plan for Addressing High Drug Prices” that outlines principles for drug pricing reform and sets out a variety of potential legislative policies that Congress could pursue as well as potential administrative actions HHS can take to advance these principles.

More recently, on August 16, 2022, former President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), which, among other provisions, included several measures intended to lower the cost of prescription drugs and related healthcare reforms. Specifically, the IRA authorizes and directs the Department of Health and Human Services (the “DHHS”) to set drug price caps for certain high-cost Medicare Part B and Part D qualified drugs, with the initial list of drugs announced on August 29, 2023, and the first year of maximum price applicability to begin in 2026. The IRA further authorizes the DHHS to penalize pharmaceutical manufacturers that increase the price of certain Medicare Part B and Part D drugs faster than the rate of inflation. Finally, the IRA creates significant changes to the Medicare Part D benefit design by capping Part D beneficiaries’ annual out-of-pocket spending at $2,000 beginning in 2025. Additional legislative and regulatory changes could be made to governmental health programs that could significantly impact pharmaceutical companies and the success of our product candidates. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Changes in the healthcare industry and in healthcare spending could adversely affect our grant funded clinical programs, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business and research efforts rely, in part, on funding and support from U.S. government agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”), National Cancer Institute (“NCI”) and the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”). Government funding for these programs is subject to annual budgetary decisions, which can be unpredictable and influenced by shifting political and economic priorities. Reductions in government support for cancer research or other healthcare initiatives could limit grants, contracts, or other financial resources that we or our research collaborators depend on, potentially delaying our clinical programs and increasing our reliance on alternative funding sources. For instance, we have a CRADA with the NCI for the development of Actimab-A. While we have been informed that the funding for our CRADA is not expected to be impacted, there can be no assurances that this will remain the case and any reduction or elimination of funding can have a material adverse impact on our business.

Moreover, with the change in presidential administration that recently occurred in the United States, government spending programs have become even more difficult to predict and may be subject to greater risk. Considerable uncertainty exists regarding how future budget and program decisions will unfold, including the spending priorities of the new U.S. presidential administration and Congress and what challenges budget reductions may present for our industry generally or for our company. In particular, President Trump recently attempted to place a widespread freeze on most federal grants and loans. Any freeze on government support for our products, programs, or studies could significantly impair our research and development activities, business, and operations.

Disruptions at the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies or comparable regulatory authorities caused by funding shortages or global health concerns, in addition to substantial uncertainty regarding the new Administration’s initiatives and how these might impact the FDA, its implementation of laws, regulations, policies and guidance, and its personnel, could hinder government agencies’ ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner, or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which our business operations rely, including timely reviews, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes that may otherwise affect the FDA’s or comparable foreign regulatory authorities’ ability to perform routine functions. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies or comparable foreign regulatory authorities on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies, including substantial leadership, personnel, and policy changes, may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would harm our business. Changes in FDA staffing could result in delays in the FDA’s responsiveness or in its ability to review submissions or applications, issue regulations or guidance, or implement or enforce regulatory requirements in a timely fashion or at all. Similar consequences would also result in the event of another significant shutdown of the federal government. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if geopolitical or global health concerns prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Such changes could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and take action on our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, in our operations as a public company, future government shutdowns or substantial leadership, personnel, and policy changes could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations. If the FDA is constrained in its ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, our business may be negatively impacted.

With the change in the U.S. Presidential Administration in 2025, there is substantial uncertainty as to whether and how the new administration will seek to modify or revise the requirements and policies of the FDA and other regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over our product candidates. This uncertainty could present new challenges and/or opportunities as we navigate development of our product candidates. Some of these efforts have manifested to date in the form of personnel measures that could impact the FDA’s ability to hire and/or retain key personnel, which could result in delays or limitations on our ability to obtain guidance from the FDA on our product candidates in development and obtain the requisite regulatory approvals in the future. Moreover, the new Administration has proposed action to freeze or reduce the budget of the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, as related to its funding for medical research, which could decrease the ability of facilities that rely on NIH funding to enroll and conduct clinical trials or increase the costs to us of conducting clinical trials. There remains general uncertainty regarding future activities. The new Administration could issue or promulgate executive orders, regulations, policies or guidance that adversely affect us or create a more challenging or costly environment to pursue the development of new therapeutic products. Alternatively, state governments may attempt to address or react to changes at the federal level with changes to their own regulatory frameworks in a manner that is adverse to our operations. If we become negatively impacted by future governmental orders, regulations, policies or guidance as a result of the new Administration, there could be a material adverse effect on us and our business.

Our relationships with customers, health care professionals and third-party payors may be subject to applicable healthcare laws, which could expose us to penalties, including administrative, civil or criminal penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, reputational harm, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations and diminished future profits and earnings.

Healthcare professionals and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with customers, healthcare professionals and third-party payors may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct research, market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our operations, directly or indirectly, include the following, among others:

Efforts to comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. Interpretations of standards of compliance under these laws and regulations are rapidly changing and subject to varying interpretations and it is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other laws that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, reputational harm, imprisonment, additional reporting obligations and oversight (if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws), and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could diminish our future profits or earnings. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. 

Third-party payors may not adequately reimburse customers for any product candidates that we may commercialize or promote, and may impose coverage restrictions or limitations such as prior authorizations and step edits that affect their use.

Our ability to commercialize any product candidates successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health programs, private health insurers, integrated delivery networks and other third-party payors. Third-party payors decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A significant trend in the United States healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of payment for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Coverage and reimbursement may not be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, the level of reimbursement may not be sufficient for commercial success. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

Obtaining reimbursement approval for any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval from any government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process. There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement for newly approved products. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Even when a payor determines that a product that we may commercialize or promote is eligible for reimbursement under its criteria, the payor may impose coverage limitations that preclude payment for some uses that are approved by the FDA, or may impose restrictions, such as prior authorization requirements, or may simply deny coverage altogether. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Coverage and reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the medical circumstances under which it is used may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost products or procedures or may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Furthermore, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services frequently change product descriptors, coverage policies, product and service codes, payment methodologies and reimbursement values. Commercial third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policies and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain and maintain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded programs and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize our approved products and our overall financial condition.

Risks Related to Third Parties

We may rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates. 

We do not have the ability to independently conduct our clinical trials for our product candidates and we must rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories to conduct such trials. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities results in reduced control over these activities. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as GCPs (good clinical practices), for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the trial participants are adequately protected. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. If we or any of our third-party contractors fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials complies with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP, regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

If our consultants, contract research organizations and other similar entities with which we are working do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines, or comply with applicable regulations, we may be required to replace them. Although we believe that there are a number of other third-party contractors we could engage to continue these activities, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative third-party contractors or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, which may result in a delay of our planned clinical trials and delayed development of our product candidates.

In addition, our third-party contractors are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such third-party contractors, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our programs. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our pre-clinical development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, our product candidates on a timely basis, if at all, and our business, operating results and prospects would be adversely affected.

The protection against generic competition for our biologic drug candidates and reimbursement by CMS may be subject to future change

We are not aware of any existing or pending regulations or legislation that pertains to generic radiopharmaceutical products such as our targeted radiotherapy product candidates. Our ARC product candidates are regulated by the FDA as biologic products, and we intend to seek approval for these products pursuant to the BLA pathway. The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, created an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biologic products. The abbreviated regulatory pathway establishes legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilar biologics, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an existing brand product. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the original branded product was approved under a BLA and in Europe a biosimilar product cannot be approved until 10 years after the original branded product was approved. The law is complex and as a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. Even if a biosimilar gets approved for one of the antibodies that we use, the final constructs of our drug candidates consist of an antibody, radioisotope and in some cases a linker and we are not aware of any regulations that would require us to provide the final constructs or components to third parties or potential competitors. Therefore, based on the current regulations, we do not believe that the final drug product of our candidates can be subject to competition from a biosimilar as outlined in BPCIA for at least 12 years in the U.S. and 10 years in the EU. We are aware that generic versions of certain radiopharmaceuticals utilizing peptides have been submitted to the FDA via the Abbreviated New Drug Application (“ANDA”) pathway, however, those products are not covered under the BPCIA and therefore that generic pathway is not applicable to Iomab-B or Actimab-A. We expect this would also apply to other biologic drug candidates we may seek to develop in the future based on the current provisions of the BPCIA. Additionally, the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) that was enacted in August 2022, states that reimbursement by the Centers for Medicare& Medicaid Services (“CMS”) for high-expenditure single-source biologic drugs, which we expect Iomab-B and Actimab-A to be, can only be negotiated after at least 11 years following approval compared to 7 years for non-biologic drugs with negotiated prices taking effect two years after selection. Therefore, we currently believe that our ARCs are less likely than small molecules to face pricing pressure and negotiation from IRA. Further, a drug or biological product that has an orphan drug designation, which Iomab-B and Actimab-A both have, for only one rare disease or condition will be excluded from the IRA’s price negotiations requirements  until such time the biological products has designations for more than one rare disease or condition, or if is approved for an indication that is not within that single designated rare disease or condition, unless such additional designation or such disqualifying approvals are withdrawn by the time CMS evaluates the drug for selection for negotiation. In August 2023, 10 initial drugs were identified with negotiated prices expected to take effect starting in 2026. In 2027 and 2028, it is expected that CMS will establish negotiated prices for 15 additional drugs in each respective year. We do not believe there is a high likelihood that Iomab-B or Actimab-A would be identified by CMS for negotiated pricing under IRA but there is potential that IRA and other additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future and the implementation of cost-containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or successfully commercialize our product candidates.

Our product candidates may never achieve market acceptance.

Actimab-A, Iomab-ACT and Iomab-B and future product candidates that we may develop may never gain market acceptance among physicians, patients and the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of any of our products will depend on a number of factors, including the actual and perceived effectiveness and reliability of the product; the results of any long-term clinical trials relating to use of the product; the availability, relative cost and perceived advantages and disadvantages of alternative technologies; the degree to which treatments using the product are approved for reimbursement by public and private insurers; the strength of our marketing and distribution infrastructure; and the level of education and awareness among physicians and hospitals concerning the product.

We believe that oncologists and other physicians will not widely adopt a product candidate unless they determine, based on experience, clinical data, and published peer-reviewed journal articles, that the use of that product candidate provides an effective alternative to other means of treating specific cancers. Patient studies or clinical experience may indicate that treatment with our product candidates does not provide patients with sufficient benefits in extension of life or quality of life. We believe that recommendations and support for the use of each product candidate from influential physicians will be essential for widespread market acceptance. Our product candidates are still in the development stage, and it is premature to attempt to gain support from physicians at this time. We can provide no assurance that such support will ever be obtained. If our product candidates do not receive such support from these physicians and from long-term data, physicians may not use or continue to use, and hospitals may not purchase or continue to purchase, them.

Failure of Actimab-A or Iomab-ACT or any of our other product candidates to significantly penetrate current or new markets would negatively impact our business financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to claims that our third-party service providers, consultants or current or former employees have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We have received confidential and proprietary information from third parties. In addition, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information of these third parties or our employees’ former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and employees. 

We currently depend on single third-party manufacturers to produce our pre-clinical and clinical trial drug supplies. Any disruption in the operations of our current third-party manufacturers, or other third-party manufacturers we may engage in the future, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We do not currently operate manufacturing facilities for pre-clinical or clinical production of any of our product candidates. We rely on third-party manufacturers to supply, store, and distribute pre-clinical and clinical supply of the components of our drug product candidates including monoclonal antibodies, linkers and radioisotopes, as well as the final construct which comprises our drug product candidates. We expect to continue to depend on third-party manufacturers for the foreseeable future. Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development, cause us to suspend or terminate development or delay or prohibit regulatory approval of our product candidates or commercialization of any approved products. Further avenues of disruption to our clinical or eventual commercial supply may also occur due to the sale, acquisition, business reprioritization, bankruptcy or other unforeseen circumstances that might occur at any of our suppliers or contract manufacturing partners including an inability to come to terms on renewal of existing contracts or new contracts.

We currently rely on single manufacturers to manufacture our pre-clinical and clinical trial drug supplies. With a view to maintaining business continuity we are evaluating alternatives and second and even third sources of supply or manufacturing for our core suppliers and manufacturing partners, however there can be no assurances that we will be able to identify such suppliers or partners and assuming we did, that we would be able to enter into contracts that are on favorable terms or on terms that will enable sufficient supply to ensure business continuity and support our growth plans.

Our product candidates require precise, high-quality manufacturing. Failure by our current contract manufacturer or other third-party manufacturers we may engage in the future to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards could result in patient injury or death, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in testing or delivery, cost overruns, or other problems that could seriously hurt our business. Contract manufacturers may encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control, and quality assurance. These manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic and unannounced inspections by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMPs and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards; we do not have control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards.

We currently plan to build out a manufacturing facility in the future to operate for the purposes of manufacturing our own products. We have never built, owned or operated a manufacturing facility. There can be no assurances that we will be able to successfully accomplish this and in doing so we may experience delays, cost overruns, or other problems that could seriously hurt our business. Even if we successfully build out our planned manufacturing facility, we may not realize the expected benefits of these efforts.

We depend on vendors with specialized operations, equipment and know-how to manufacture the respective components of our drug candidates. We have entered into manufacturing and supply agreements with these third-parties, and in some instances, we have agreed that such vendor be the exclusive manufacturer and supplier. If any of the third-parties we depend on encounter difficulties in their operations, fail to comply with required regulations or breach their contractual obligations it may be difficult, or we may be unable to identify suitable alternative third-party manufacturers. While we identify and evaluate third-party manufacturers from time to time, even if we do identify suitable alternative third-parties, we may fail to reach agreement on contractual terms, it may be prohibitively expensive and there can be no assurance that we can successfully complete technology transfer and development work necessary, or complete the necessary work in a timely manner. Any of which could prevent us from commencing manufacturing with third-parties which could cause delays or suspension of our clinical trials and pre-clinical work that may have a negative impact on our business.

Furthermore, these third-party contractors, whether foreign or domestic, may experience regulatory compliance difficulty, mechanical shutdowns, employee strikes, or any other unforeseeable acts that may delay or limit production. Our inability to adequately establish, supervise and conduct (either ourselves or through third parties) all aspects of the formulation and manufacturing processes, and the inability of third-party manufacturers to consistently supply quality product when required would have a material adverse effect on our ability to develop or commercialize our products. We have faced delays and risks associated with reliance on key third party manufacturers in the past and may be faced with such delays and risks in the future. Any future manufacturing interruptions or related supply issues could have an adverse effect on our company, including delays in clinical trials. 

If we are successful in obtaining marketing approval from the FDA and/or other regulatory agencies for any of our product candidates, we anticipate continued reliance on third-party manufacturers.

To date, our product candidates have been manufactured in small quantities for preclinical and clinical testing by third-party manufacturers. If the FDA or other regulatory agencies approve any of our product candidates for commercial sale, we expect that we would continue to rely, at least initially, on third-party specialized manufacturers to produce commercial quantities of approved products. These manufacturers may not be able to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for any approved product in a timely or economic manner, or at all. Significant scale-up of manufacturing may require additional validation studies, which the FDA must review and approve. Scale-up for commercial product may require financial commitment or investment by us, which we may not have sufficient capital for or may elect not to undertake. If third party manufacturers are unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for a product candidate, or we are unable to establish our own manufacturing capabilities, the commercial launch of any approved products may be delayed or there may be a shortage in supply, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, the facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates must be approved by the FDA pursuant to inspections that will be conducted after we submit a BLA to the FDA. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with cGMPs. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or other regulatory authorities, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

We may have conflicts with our partners that could delay or prevent the development or commercialization of our product candidates.

We may have conflicts with our partners, such as conflicts concerning the interpretation of preclinical or clinical data, pertaining to the global patient safety profile or efficacy results of our products, the achievement of milestones, the interpretation of contractual obligations, payments for services, development obligations or the ownership of intellectual property developed during our collaboration. We may seek to amend, modify or terminate agreements with partners, suppliers or service providers related to Iomab-B, Actimab-A or Iomab-ACT but there can be no assurance that we can do so successfully or negotiate terms that are favorable to us. Failure of which can increase the risk of or result in litigation or alternative dispute resolution options taken against us. Further, we may exercise our decision-making authority under certain circumstances pertaining to global patient safety related to our products, which our partners may disagree with and may result in potential conflicts and public disclosure of our rationale and position. If any conflicts arise with any of our partners, such partner may act in a manner that is adverse to our best interests. Any such disagreement could result in one or more of the following, each of which could delay or prevent the development or commercialization of our product candidates, and in turn prevent us from generating revenues: unwillingness on the part of a partner to pay us milestone payments or royalties we believe are due under a collaboration; uncertainty regarding ownership of intellectual property rights arising from our collaborative activities, which could prevent us from entering into additional collaborations; unwillingness by the partner to cooperate in the development or manufacture of the product, including providing us with product data or materials; unwillingness on the part of a partner to keep us informed regarding the progress of its development and commercialization activities or to permit public disclosure of the results of those activities; initiating litigation or alternative dispute resolution options by either party to resolve the dispute; or attempts by either party to terminate the agreement. Litigation or alternative dispute resolution options can be lengthy and expensive, require significant time and attention from our management and are highly uncertain. There can be no assurance that if we pursue, or a partner pursues litigation or alternative dispute resolution options, that we will prevail. Monetary and equitable damages awarded against us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If in the future we are unable to establish U.S. or global sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing our product candidates if they are approved and we may not be able to generate any revenue.

We currently do not have a marketing or sales team for the marketing, sales and distribution of any of our product candidates that may receive regulatory approval. In order to commercialize any product candidates after approval, we must build on a territory-by-territory basis marketing, sales, distribution, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services, and we may not be successful in doing so. If our product candidates receive regulatory approval, we may decide to establish an internal sales or marketing team with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize our product candidates, which will be expensive and time-consuming and will require significant attention of our executive officers to manage. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of any of our product candidates that we obtain approval to market.

With respect to the commercialization of all or certain of our product candidates, we may choose to collaborate, either globally or on a territory-by-territory basis, with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. If we are unable to enter into or maintain such arrangements when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval or any such commercialization may experience delays or limitations. If we are not successful in commercializing our product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third parties, our future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.

We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.

Our product candidates face, and will continue to face, intense competition from large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as academic and research institutions. We compete in an industry that is characterized by (i) rapid technological change, (ii) evolving industry standards, (iii) emerging competition and (iv) new product introductions. Our competitors have existing products and technologies that will compete with our product candidates and technologies and may develop and commercialize additional products and technologies that will compete with our product candidates and technologies. Because several competing companies and institutions have greater financial resources than us, they may be able to (i) provide broader services and product lines, (ii) make greater investments in research and development, or R&D, and (iii) carry on broader R&D initiatives. Our competitors also have greater development capabilities than we do and have substantially greater experience in undertaking preclinical and clinical testing of product candidates, obtaining regulatory approvals, and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical products. They also have greater name recognition and better access to customers than us.

Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could halt their clinical development, prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential, or result in significant negative consequences.

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign authorities. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. Even if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, as greater numbers of patients use a product following its approval, an increase in the incidence of side effects or the incidence of other post-approval problems that were not seen or anticipated during pre-approval clinical trials could result in a number of potentially significant negative consequences, including:

Any of these events could substantially increase the costs and expenses of developing, commercializing and marketing any such product candidates or could harm or prevent sales of any approved products.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We depend upon securing and protecting critical intellectual property.

We are dependent on obtaining and maintaining patents, trade secrets, copyright and trademark protection of our technologies in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as successfully enforcing this intellectual property and defending this intellectual property against third-party challenges. The degree of future protection of our proprietary rights is uncertain for product candidates that are currently in the early stages of development because we cannot predict which of these product candidates will ultimately reach the commercial market or whether the commercial versions of these product candidates will incorporate proprietary technologies.

Our patent position is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions.

Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced under our patents or in third-party patents. For example, we or our licensors might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications and issued patents; we or our licensors might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions; others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies; it is possible that none of our pending patent applications or the pending patent applications of our licensors will result in issued patents; our issued patents and issued patents of our licensors may not provide a basis for commercially viable technologies, or may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be challenged and invalidated by third parties; and, we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable.

Furthermore, the issuance of a patent, while presumed valid and enforceable, is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors may also be able to design around our patents. Other parties may develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, vendors, former employees and current employees.

Patent rights are territorial, and patent protection extends only to those countries where we have issued patents. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our products and product candidates in all countries and jurisdictions throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than those in the United States. Many countries, however, do not protect intellectual property to the same extent as the U.S. or Europe, and their litigation processes differ. Competitors may successfully challenge or avoid our patents, or manufacture products in countries where we have not applied for patent protection. Changes in the patent laws in the U.S. or other countries may diminish the value of our patent rights. As a result of these and other factors, the scope, validity, enforceability, and commercial value of our patent rights are uncertain and unpredictable.

Indeed, several companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property rights, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that are initiated, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies, including our patent position, involve complex legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the issuance, scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated, or circumvented. A third-party may submit prior art, or we may become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review, supplemental examination, or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of our licensors or development partners. The costs of defending or enforcing our proprietary rights in these proceedings can be substantial, and the outcome can be uncertain. An adverse determination in any such submission or proceeding could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, or reduce our ability to manufacture or commercialize products. Furthermore, if the scope or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could discourage companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future products. The ownership of our proprietary rights could also be challenged.

As a result, our owned and licensed patents may not be valid, and we may not be able to obtain and enforce patents and to maintain trade secret protection for the full commercial extent of our technology. The extent to which we are unable to do so could materially harm our business.

We or our licensors have applied for and will continue to apply for patents for certain products and methods. Such applications may not result in the issuance of any patents, and any patents now held or that may be issued may not provide us with adequate protection from competition. Furthermore, it is possible that patents issued or licensed to us may be challenged successfully. In that event, if we have a preferred competitive position because of such patents, such preferred position would be lost. If we are unable to secure or to continue to maintain a preferred position, we could become subject to competition from the sale of generic products. Failure to receive, inability to protect, or expiration of our patents for medical use, manufacture, conjugation and labeling of Ac-225, the antibodies that we license from third parties, or subsequent related filings, would adversely affect our business and operations.

Patents issued or licensed to us may be infringed by the products or processes of others. Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It is difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor’s or potential competitor’s product, particularly in litigation in countries other than the U.S. that do not provide an extensive discovery procedure. Any litigation to enforce or defend our patent rights, if any, even if we were to prevail, could be costly and time-consuming and would divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.

The cost of enforcing our patent rights against infringers, if such enforcement is required, could be significant, and we may not have the financial resources to fund such litigation. Further, such litigation can go on for years and the time demands could interfere with our normal operations. There has been substantial litigation and other proceedings regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry. We may become a party to patent litigation and other proceedings. The cost to us of any patent litigation, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Litigation may also absorb significant management time.

Unpatented trade secrets, improvements, confidential know-how and continuing technological innovation are important to our scientific and commercial success. Although we attempt to and will continue to attempt to protect our proprietary information through reliance on trade secret laws and the use of confidentiality agreements with our partners, collaborators, employees and consultants and other appropriate means, these measures may not effectively prevent disclosure of our proprietary information, and, in any event, others may develop independently, or obtain access to, the same or similar information. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we have executed these agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets. Furthermore, if the employees and consultants who are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations.

Certain of our patent rights are licensed to us by third parties. If we fail to comply with the terms of these license agreements, our rights to those patents may be terminated, and we may be unable to conduct our business.

If we are found to be infringing patents or trade secrets owned by others, we may be forced to cease or alter our product development efforts, obtain a license to continue the development or sale of our products, and/or pay damages.

We may not have identified all patents, published applications or published literature that affect our business either by blocking our ability to commercialize our products, by preventing the patentability of one or more aspects of our products to us or our licensors, or by covering the same or similar technologies that may affect our ability to market our products. For example, we (or our licensors) may not have conducted a patent clearance search sufficient to identify potentially obstructing third party patent rights. Moreover, patent applications in the United States are maintained in confidence for up to 18 months after their filing. In some cases, however, patent applications remain confidential in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, for the entire time prior to issuance as a U.S. patent. Patent applications filed in countries outside of the United States are not typically published until at least 18 months from their first filing date. Similarly, publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries. We cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to invent, or the first to file, patent applications covering our products and candidates. We also may not know if our competitors filed patent applications for technology covered by our pending applications or if we were the first to invent the technology that is the subject of our patent applications. Competitors may have filed patent applications or received patents and may obtain additional patents and proprietary rights that block or compete with our patents.

Our manufacturing processes and potential products may violate proprietary rights of patents that have been or may be granted to competitors, universities or others, or the trade secrets of those persons and entities. As the pharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our processes and potential products may give rise to claims that they infringe the patents or trade secrets of others. These other persons could bring legal actions against us claiming damages and seeking to enjoin clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing of the affected product or process. If any of these actions are successful, in addition to any potential liability for damages, we could be required to obtain a license in order to continue to conduct clinical tests, manufacture or market the affected product or use the affected process. Required licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and the results of litigation are uncertain. If we become involved in litigation or other proceedings, it could consume a substantial portion of our financial resources and the efforts of our personnel.

In addition to infringement or other intellectual property claims against us, we may become a party to other patent litigation or proceedings before regulatory agencies, including post-grant review, inter parties review, interference or re-examination proceedings filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (or similar proceedings before corresponding tribunals in other jurisdictions) that challenge our patent rights or the patent rights of our licensors. The costs and efforts of defending our patents or enforcing our proprietary rights in post-issuance administrative proceedings can be substantial and the outcome can be uncertain. An adverse determination in these proceedings could weaken or invalidate the patent claims that cover our technology, which adverse determination could harm our business significantly and dissuade companies from collaborating with us or permit third parties to directly compete with the same technology. 

Our ability to protect and enforce our patents does not guarantee that we will secure the right to commercialize our potential products and respective patents.

A patent is a limited monopoly right conferred upon an inventor, and his successors in title, in return for the making and disclosing of a new and non-obvious invention. This monopoly is of limited duration but, while in force, allows the patent holder to prevent others from making, using and/or selling its invention. While a patent gives the holder this right to exclude others, it is not a license to commercialize an invention covered by the patent where other permissions may be required for commercialization to occur. For example, a drug cannot be marketed without the appropriate authorization from the FDA, regardless of the existence of a patent covering the product. Further, the invention, even if patented itself, cannot be commercialized if it infringes the valid patent rights of another party. 

We rely on confidentiality agreements to protect our trade secrets. If these agreements are breached by our employees or other parties, our trade secrets may become known to our competitors.

We rely on trade secrets that we seek to protect through numerous measures, including non-compete and confidentiality agreements with our employees and other parties. If these agreements are breached, our competitors may obtain and use our trade secrets to gain a competitive advantage over us. Any remedies that may be available to us may not be adequate to protect our business or compensate us for the damaging disclosure. In addition, we may have to expend resources to protect our interests from possible infringement by others. For instance, we learned that a former employee, Qing Liang, Ph.D., who was employed by Actinium in the position of Vice President, Head of Radiation Sciences, violated the non-compete provision of her employment agreement by working for a direct competitor. Additionally, while working for the direct competitor, Dr. Liang continued to provide consulting services to Actinium. We also learned that Dr. Liang was providing consulting services to another company, which was in violation of certain provisions of her post-employment consulting agreement with Actinium. Dr. Liang, who had access to materials containing proprietary information and trade secrets, pursuant to actions taken by Actinium, is no longer employed by the direct competitor. With the assistance of outside counsel and a forensic investigator, we identified that Dr. Liang downloaded confidential information prior to her employment at Actinium ending. To aid in arbitration proceedings, we petitioned and were granted a Stipulated Preliminary Injunction by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County (Index No. 656841/2022) on June 28, 2022 that ordered that Dr. Liang is enjoined from destroying or deleting any Actinium documents or information, is enjoined from using, transmitting or transferring any Actinium Information other than to her counsel or Actinium’s counsel, ordered to return Actinium information within 5 days of Stipulated Preliminary Injunction, ordered to disclose to Actinium under oath, all persons and devices she transferred or disclosed Actinium Information, and ordered to allow a qualified forensic examiner selected by Actinium to remove and permanently delete all Actinium Information from any electronic devices, systems, email accounts, or other electronic or physical storage sites belonging to Dr. Liang. On April 25, 2023, a Final Award and Permanent Injunction was granted by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County (Case No. 01-22-0003-2375) that ordered that Dr. Liang is permanently enjoined from using, possessing, transmitting or transferring any Actinium property, documents of business information.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Our employees may have been previously employed at other companies in the industry, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we are not aware of any claims currently pending against us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers of our employees. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money claims, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize product(s), which would materially adversely affect our commercial development efforts. 

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedures and other requirements, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated in case of non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to the relevant patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and /or applications. The relevant patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent application process. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which the failure to comply with the relevant requirements can result in the abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to use our technologies and know-how which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation. 

Risks Related to Our Operations

We are highly dependent on our key personnel, and if we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.

Our future operations and successes depend in large part upon the continued service of key members of our senior management team whom we are highly dependent upon to manage our business. If any member of our current senior management terminates his or her employment with us and we are unable to find a suitable replacement quickly, the departure could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In the third quarter of 2024, our overall headcount was reduced by approximately twenty percent, with a majority of departures coming from our clinical and CMC groups. As a result of these departures, we expect our personnel expenses to be reduced by approximately $3.7 million in 2025, which may be offset by additional hires or consultants. We do not expect these departures to have a material impact on our operations or ability to execute our operating plan and are actively seeking a strategic partner for Iomab-B in the U.S. to advance the additional studies and trials required by the FDA.

An overall tightening and increasingly competitive labor market has been observed in the U.S. employment market generally. Specific to the biotechnology industry in which we operate, there is significant demand and competition for highly specialized talent that we require. A sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base as a result of general macroeconomic factors of force majeure events, or due to dynamics within our industry, could lead to increased costs, such as increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, and could negatively affect our ability to efficiently conduct our clinical development, R&D, business development and potential regulatory and commercial activities. If we are unable to hire and retain employees capable of performing at a high-level, or if mitigation measures we may take to respond to a decrease in labor availability, have unintended negative effects, our business could be adversely affected. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor inflation, general macroeconomic factors or as a result of biotechnology industry dynamics could have a material adverse impact on our operations, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows.

Our future success also depends on our ability to identify, attract, hire, or engage, retain, and motivate other well-qualified managerial, technical, clinical and regulatory personnel. This activity is likely to create additional demands on the time and attention of our senior management personnel as they identify, hire, and train external and internal candidates to fill the sizable number of positions required to execute our business plans, including submitting a BLA and building a commercial organization. The market for talent in our industry is very competitive. Many of the other biopharmaceutical companies we compete against for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, more favorable risk profiles and a longer operating history in the biopharmaceutical industry than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these opportunities may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than what we have to offer. There can be no assurance that such professionals will be available in the market, or that we will be able to retain existing professionals or meet or continue to meet their compensation requirements. Furthermore, the cost base in relation to such compensation, which may include equity compensation, may increase significantly, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Failure to establish and maintain an effective management team and workforce could adversely affect our ability to operate, grow and manage our business.

Managing our growth as we expand operations may strain our resources.

We expect to need to grow rapidly in order to support additional, larger, and potentially international, pivotal clinical trials of our product candidates as well as potential commercial operations in the future, which will place a significant strain on our financial, managerial and operational resources. In order to achieve and manage growth effectively, we must continue to improve and expand our operational and financial management capabilities. Moreover, we will need to increase staffing and to train, motivate and manage our employees. All of these activities will increase our expenses and may require us to raise additional capital sooner than expected. Failure to manage growth effectively could materially harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The use of hazardous materials, including radioactive and biological materials, in our research and development efforts imposes certain compliance costs on us and may subject us to liability for claims arising from the use or misuse of these materials.

Our research, development and manufacturing activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals, radioactive and biological materials, such as radioactive isotopes. We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations governing, among other matters, the handling, storage, use and disposal of these materials and some waste products. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials, and we could be held liable for any damages that result, which could exceed our financial resources. We currently maintain insurance coverage for injuries resulting from the hazardous materials we use; however, future claims may exceed the amount of our coverage. Also, we do not have insurance coverage for pollution cleanup and removal. Currently the costs of complying with such federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations are not significant, and consist primarily of waste disposal expenses. However, they could become expensive, and current or future environmental laws or regulations may impair our research, development, production and commercialization efforts. 

We may undertake international operations, which will subject us to risks inherent with operations outside of the United States.

Although we do not have any international operations at this time, we intend to seek market clearances in foreign markets that we believe will generate significant opportunities. However, even with the cooperation of a commercialization partner, conducting drug development in foreign countries involves inherent risks, including, but not limited to difficulties in staffing, funding and managing foreign operations; unexpected changes in regulatory requirements; export restrictions; tariffs and other trade barriers; difficulties in protecting, acquiring, enforcing and litigating intellectual property rights; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and potentially adverse tax consequences.

If we were to experience any of the difficulties listed above, or any other difficulties, any international development activities and our overall financial condition may suffer and cause us to reduce or discontinue our international development and registration efforts.

We expect to expand our development and regulatory capabilities and potentially implement sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, and, as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

We expect to experience growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of product candidate development, regulatory affairs and, if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, sales, marketing, and distribution.

We currently do not have a marketing or sales team for the marketing, sales and distribution of any of our product candidates that are potentially able to obtain regulatory approval. In order to commercialize any product candidates, we must build on a territory-by-territory basis marketing, sales, distribution, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services, and we may not be successful in doing so. If our product candidates receive regulatory approval, we intend to establish an internal sales or marketing team with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize our product candidates, which will be expensive and time consuming and will require significant attention of our executive officers to manage. We will also have to compete with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of any of our product candidates that we obtain approval to market.

To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational, and financial systems, expand our facilities, and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a public company with such anticipated growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

We continuously evaluate our business strategy and may modify our strategy as necessary to respond to developments in our business and other factors, and any such modification, if not successful, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We continuously evaluate our business strategy and modify our plans as necessary to achieve our objectives in response to changing circumstances. As part of such a process, we may delay, modify or discontinue the development of certain of our drug candidates and choose alternative approaches if we believe such changes would be in our best interest. We may also expand or alter our research and development activities from time to time and redirect allocation of our resources. We have implemented such changes in our business strategy and may continue to do so in the future. There can be no assurances that any product development or other changes that we implement will be successful or that, after implementation of any such changes, that we will not refocus our efforts on new or different objectives.

We may expand our business through the acquisition of rights to new product candidates that could disrupt our business, harm our financial condition and may also dilute current stockholders’ ownership interests in our company.

Our business strategy includes expanding our products and capabilities, and we may seek acquisitions of product candidates, antibodies or technologies to do so. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including substantial cash expenditures; potentially dilutive issuance of equity securities; incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, some of which may be difficult or impossible to identify at the time of acquisition; difficulties in assimilating acquired technologies or the operations of the acquired companies; diverting our management’s attention away from other business concerns; risks of entering markets in which we have limited or no direct experience; and the potential loss of our key employees or key employees of the acquired companies.

We can make no assurances that any acquisition will result in short-term or long-term benefits to us. We may incorrectly judge the value or worth of an acquired product, company or business. In addition, our future success would depend in part on our ability to manage the rapid growth associated with some of these acquisitions. We cannot assure that we will be able to make the combination of our business with that of acquired products, businesses or companies work or be successful. Furthermore, the development or expansion of our business or any acquired products, business or companies may require a substantial capital investment by us. We may not have these necessary funds, or they might not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. We may also seek to raise funds by selling shares of our preferred or common stock, which could dilute each current stockholder’s ownership interest in the Company.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The sale of securities by us in any equity or debt financing could result in dilution to our existing stockholders and have a material adverse effect on our earnings.

We have financed our operations primarily through sales of stock and warrants. It is likely that during the next twelve months we will seek to raise additional capital through the sales of stock and warrants in order to expand our level of operations to continue our research and development efforts.

Any sale of common stock by us in a future offering could result in dilution to our existing stockholders as a direct result of our issuance of additional shares of our capital stock. In addition, our business strategy may include expansion through internal growth or by establishing strategic relationships with targeted customers and vendors. In order to do so, or to finance the cost of our other activities, we may issue additional equity securities that could dilute our stockholders’ stock ownership. We may also assume additional debt and incur impairment losses related to goodwill and other tangible assets if we acquire another company and this could negatively impact our earnings and results of operations.

 Our common stock is subject to price volatility which could lead to losses by stockholders and potential costly security litigation.

The trading volume of our common stock has been and may continue to be extremely limited and sporadic. We expect the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, including market perception of our ability to achieve our planned growth, quarterly operating results of other companies in the same industry, trading volume in our common stock, changes in general conditions in the economy and the financial markets or other developments affecting our competitors or us. This volatility has had a significant effect on the market price of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to their operating performance and could have the same effect on our common stock.

The trading price of our common stock may be highly volatile and could fluctuate in response to factors such as:

The stock market is subject to significant price and volume fluctuations. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been initiated against such a company. Litigation initiated against us, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention and our resources, which could harm our business and financial condition.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock, so any returns will be determined by the value of our common stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. For the foreseeable future, it is expected that earnings, if any, generated from our operations will be used to finance the growth of our business, and that no dividends will be paid to holders of our common stock. As a result, the success of an investment in our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate in value.

Certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and Delaware law make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in our stockholders’ interest.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in our control or change in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Therefore, these provisions could adversely affect the price of our stock. Among other things, the certificate of incorporation and bylaws:

In addition, we are governed by Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a public Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. A “business combination” includes mergers, asset sales or other transactions resulting in a financial benefit to the stockholder. An “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns, or within three years, did own, 15% or more of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock. These provisions may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in our control.

General Risk Factors

We face risks associated with litigation and claims.

We are subject to certain legal proceedings, as further described under “Legal Proceedings.” In addition, from time to time, we may become involved in various claims, disputes and legal or regulatory proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business and relate to contractual and other obligations. Due to the uncertainties of litigation, we can give no assurance that we will prevail on any claims made against us in any such lawsuit. Also, we can give no assurance that any other lawsuits or claims brought in the future will not have an adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity, or operating results. Adverse outcomes in some or all of these claims may result in significant monetary damages that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

Compliance with the reporting requirements of federal securities laws can be expensive.

We are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and other federal securities laws, and the compliance obligations of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The costs of preparing and filing annual and quarterly reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission and furnishing audited reports to stockholders are substantial. In addition, we will incur substantial expenses in connection with the preparation of registration statements and related documents with respect to any offerings of our common stock.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Our ability to utilize our federal net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be limited under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. The limitations apply if we experience an “ownership change”, generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change in the ownership of our equity by certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply. We have not assessed whether such an ownership change has previously occurred. If we have experienced an ownership change at any time since our formation, we may already be subject to limitations on our ability to utilize our existing net operating losses and other tax attributes to offset taxable income. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, which may be outside of our control, may trigger an ownership change and, consequently, the limitations under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. As a result, if or when we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset such taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could adversely affect our future cash flows. 

Failure to establish and maintain adequate finance infrastructure and accounting systems and controls could impair our ability to comply with the financial reporting and internal controls requirements for publicly traded companies.

As a public company, we operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, including with respect to more complex accounting rules. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, include establishing and maintaining corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial fraud.

Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We complied with Section 404 at December 31, 2024 and 2023 and while our testing did not reveal any material weaknesses in our internal controls, any material weaknesses in our internal controls in the future would be required us to remediate in a timely manner so as to be able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 each year. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner each year, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, NYSE American or other regulatory authorities which would require additional financial and management resources and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, if we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and results of operations could be harmed, and investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Multiple securities and industry analysts currently cover us. If one or more of the analysts downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which could cause the price of our common stock and trading volume to decline.

Our amended and restated bylaws, as amended, designate the U.S. federal district courts as the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Our amended and restated bylaws, as amended, provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. In addition, our amended and restated bylaws, as amended, state that any person purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our security shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to such provision. Such choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. Stockholders who do bring a claim in the federal district courts of the United States of America could face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim.

Tariff policies and potential countermeasures could increase our costs and disrupt our global supply chain, which could negatively impact the results of our operations.

President Trump has increased, and has indicated his willingness to continue to increase, the use of tariffs by the U.S. to accomplish certain U.S. policy goals. Such tariffs and any countermeasures could increase the cost of raw materials and components necessary for our operations, disrupt our global supply chain and create additional operational challenges. Further, it is possible that government policy changes and related uncertainty about policy changes could increase market volatility. Because of these dynamics, we cannot predict the impact of any future changes to the U.S.’s or other countries’ trading relationships or the impact of new laws or regulations adopted by the U.S. or other countries on our business. Such changes in tariffs and trade regulations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

We do not own any real property. We have leased offices at 100 Park Avenue, New York, NY effective June 1, 2022. The lease has a term of 5 years 2 months, with an expiration date in 2027, and a current annual rate of $623 thousand. We are also responsible for certain other costs, such as insurance, taxes, utilities and maintenance. We issued a letter of credit in connection with the lease and as of December 31, 2024, maintain a $324 thousand certified deposit as collateral for the letter of credit.

We lease lab space and office space at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY. The lease has a term of twelve months, expiring August 31, 2025, with a current annual rate of $140 thousand.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings, which arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm business.

On March 27, 2025, a putative class action complaint (the “Complaint”) was filed by alleged stockholder Nihil Kohil against the Company and executives Sandesh Seth, Avinash Desai, Madhuri Vusirikala, and Sergio Giralt, styled Kohil v. Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al., Case No. 1:25-cv-02553 in the Southern District of New York, wherein, the Complaint alleges that the defendants made material misrepresentations and omissions concerning the Iomab-B Phase 3 Sierra Trial and the plaintiff asserts claims against all defendants pursuant to section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act (the “Exchange Act”) and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, as well as additional claims against the individual defendants pursuant to Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act.  The Complaint purports to assert class action claims on behalf of all persons and entities that purchased or otherwise acquired Actinium securities between October 31, 2022 and August 2, 2024.  Plaintiff seeks unspecified damages.  The defendants have not yet responded to the complaint, and they intend to vigorously defend themselves against the plaintiff’s allegations.

The Company and other defendants intend to defend vigorously against such claims, however, there can be no assurances as to the outcome.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not Applicable. 

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDERS MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

Our common stock is listed for quotation on the NYSE American under the symbol “ATNM”.

Holders

As of March 28, 2025, there were 31,195,891 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, which were held by approximately 100 holders of record. There are no shares of preferred stock outstanding.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. For the foreseeable future, it is expected that earnings, if any, generated from our operations will be used to finance the growth of our business, and that no dividends will be paid to holders of our common stock. The decision to pay dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

We currently have one equity compensation plan. The Company’s 2019 Amended and Restated Stock Plan, (the “2019 Plan”) has an expiration date of October 18, 2029 and the number of shares of our common stock authorized under the plan for grant to employees, directors and consultants is 9,333,333 shares.

We had two equity compensation plans that expired on September 9, 2023; the Company’s Amended and Restated 2013 Stock Plan and the Company’s 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

The following table indicates shares of common stock authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2024:

ITEM 6. RESERVED.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The information and financial data discussed below is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for its fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The consolidated financial statements of Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. were prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The information and financial data discussed below is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and related notes of Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. contained elsewhere in this Report. The financial statements contained elsewhere in this Report fully represent Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s financial condition and operations; however, they are not indicative of the Company’s future performance. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” above for a discussion of forward-looking statements and the significance of such statements in the context of this Report. See also “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Report for a discussion of risks and uncertainties that could impact Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s future financial condition, operations and performance. 

Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Actinium”, the “Company”, or “we”) is a pioneer in the development of targeted radiotherapies intended to meaningfully improve outcomes for patients with relapsed or refractory cancer who have failed existing therapies. We operate as a single operating segment focused on research, discovery, and clinical development of targeted radiotherapies.

Results of Operations – Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, data derived from our statements of operations:

Revenues

We recorded no commercial revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other revenue

The National Institutes of Health awarded us a Small Business Technology Transfer cost reimbursable grant to support a clinical collaboration with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, or MSK, to study Iomab-ACT, our CD45-targeting Antibody Radio-Conjugate, for targeted conditioning to achieve lymphodepletion prior to administration of a CD19-targeted CAR T-cell therapy developed at MSK. We recognized other revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023 of $0.1 million from this grant.

On April 7, 2022, we entered into a License Agreement with Immedica, pursuant to which Immedica licensed the exclusive product rights for commercialization of Iomab-B in certain countries in the EUMENA region. Upon signing, we were entitled to an upfront, non-refundable payment of $35.0 million from Immedica, which was received in May 2022. Under the terms of the License Agreement, we are eligible to receive certain regulatory and commercial milestone payments and royalties on net sales of the product in certain countries that may result from the License Agreement. We continue to retain commercialization rights in the U.S. and rest of the world.

Our contract liabilities are recorded within Other revenue deferred – current liability or Long-term license revenue deferred in our condensed consolidated balance sheets depending on the short-term or long-term nature of the payments to be recognized. Our contract liabilities primarily consist of advanced payments from licensees. Long-term license revenue deferred was $35.0 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, resulting from the receipt from Immedica; this deferred revenue will be recognized upon the European Union’s regulatory approval of Iomab-B or provision of definitive feedback that Iomab-B will not receive approval in the European Union.

Research and Development Expenses, net of reimbursements

Research and development expenses decreased by $8.6 million to $30.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $38.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to CMC expenses declining by $12.0 million and consulting expenses declining by $1.7 million due to lower CMC activity related to Iomab-B. These declines were partially offset by increased preclinical expenses of $5.0 million.

In the third quarter of 2024, our overall headcount was reduced by approximately twenty percent, with a majority of these former employees being from our clinical and CMC groups. As a result of these departures, we expect our personnel expenses to be reduced by approximately $3.7 million in 2025, which may be offset by additional hires or consultants. We do not expect these departures to have a material impact on our operations or ability to execute our operating plan.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.3 million to $12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Lower expenses were primarily the result of lower consulting fees and legal fees of $1.6 million and lower compensation expense of $0.6 million due to lower headcount, partially offset by higher non-cash compensation expense of $1.2 million.

Other Income

Other income is comprised of net interest income in both reporting periods. Other income of $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased from $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to higher average interest rates.

Net Loss

Net loss decreased by $10.6 million to $38.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $48.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to lower research and development expenses, lower general and administrative expenses and a higher level of other income.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Historically, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of our common stock and common stock equivalents. The following tables sets forth selected cash flow information for the periods indicated:

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $33.1 million, a decrease of $14.2 million from $47.3 million in the prior-year period, primarily as a result of a lower net loss of $10.8 million and a decrease in net operating assets and liabilities of $2.2 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $11 thousand and $153 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, primarily due to the purchase of equipment for our laboratory space.

In August 2020, we entered into the Capital on Demand™ Sales Agreement with JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC, or JonesTrading, pursuant to which we are able to sell, from time to time, through or to JonesTrading, up to an aggregate of $200 million of our common stock. On June 28, 2022, we entered into an Amendment and Restated Capital on Demand™ Sales Agreement, or the Amended Sales Agreement, with JonesTrading and B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“B. Riley”). The Amended Sales Agreement modifies the original Capital on Demand™ Sales Agreement to include B. Riley as an additional sales agent thereunder. Shares of common stock were offered pursuant to a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-242322) filed with the SEC on August 7, 2020 (the “Prior Shelf Registration Statement”). On August 11, 2023, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-273911), and amended on February 2, 2024, which was declared effective on February 5, 2024, to replace the Prior Shelf Registration Statement, including a base prospectus which covers the offering, issuance and sale of up to $500 million of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, units and/or subscription rights; and a sales agreement prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $200 million of common stock that may be issued and sold under the Amended Sales Agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold 3.5 million shares of common stock, resulting in gross proceeds of $29.9 million and net proceeds of $29.3 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 1.9 million shares of common stock, resulting in gross proceeds of $15.1 million and net proceeds of $14.6 million.

We entered into a lease for corporate office space effective June 1, 2022. The lease has a term of five years and two months, with an expiration date in 2027, and current annual rent of $0.6 million. We are also responsible for certain other costs, such as insurance, utilities and maintenance. We issued a letter of credit in connection with the lease and as of December 31, 2024 maintain a $0.3 million certified deposit as collateral for the letter of credit.

We will require additional funds to conduct clinical and non-clinical trials, achieve regulatory approvals, and, subject to such approvals, commercially launch our product candidates, and will need to secure additional financing in the future to support our operations. As of the date of filing this report, we expect that our existing resources will be more than sufficient to fund our planned operations for more than 12 months following the date of this report. We base this belief on assumptions that are subject to change, and we may be required to use our available cash and cash equivalent resources sooner than we currently expect. Our actual future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the progress and results of our ongoing clinical trials, the duration and cost of discovery and preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our pipeline candidates, the timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates, the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending, and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights, the number and development requirements of other pipeline candidates that we pursue, and the costs of commercialization activities, including product marketing, sales, and distribution.

We expect to continue to operate at a net loss as we continue our research and development efforts, continue to conduct clinical trials and develop manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. There can be no assurance that the products under development by us will be approved for sale in the United States or elsewhere. Our ability to obtain additional capital may depend on prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, and other factors beyond our control. Current economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile. Continued instability in these market conditions may limit our ability to access the capital necessary to fund and grow our business.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements during the reporting periods. These items are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results for the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The Company does not have any critical accounting estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which provides improvements to reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures around segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 requires us to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 also requires that we disclose an amount for other segment items by reportable segment, a description of their composition and provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets pursuant to Topic 280 during interim periods. We must also disclose the CODM’s title and position, as well as certain information around the measures used by the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. For public entities with a single reportable segment, such as us, the entity must provide all the disclosures required pursuant to ASU 2023-07 and all existing segment disclosures under Topic 280. The amendments of ASU 2023-07 are effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024, and effective for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. We adopted this standard effective January 1, 2024 and reported on it in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), to improve the disaggregation of expenses within the consolidated statement of operations. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 require disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements and specified information about certain costs and expenses. The amendments require that at each interim and annual reporting period an entity disclose (a) employee compensation, (b) depreciation, and (c) intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption; include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements; and disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 are effective January 1, 2027 and effective for interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. We will evaluate the impact of ASU 2024-03 on our financial statements.

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 provide improvements primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information included in income tax disclosures. We will be required to disclose additional information regarding reconciling items equal to or greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (loss) by the applicable statutory tax rate. Similarly, we will be required to disclose income taxes paid (net of refunds received) equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2025, including interim periods. We will evaluate the impact of ASU 2023-09 on our financial statements.

Subsequent Events

On March 27, 2025, a putative class action complaint (the “Complaint”) was filed by alleged stockholder Nihil Kohil against the Company and executives Sandesh Seth, Avinash Desai, Madhuri Vusirikala, and Sergio Giralt, styled Kohil v. Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al., Case No. 1:25-cv-02553 in the Southern District of New York, wherein, the Complaint alleges that the defendants made material misrepresentations and omissions concerning the Iomab-B Phase 3 Sierra Trial and the plaintiff asserts claims against all defendants pursuant to section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, as well as additional claims against the individual defendants pursuant to Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act.  The Complaint purports to assert class action claims on behalf of all persons and entities that purchased or otherwise acquired Actinium securities between October 31, 2022 and August 2, 2024.  Plaintiff seeks unspecified damages. 

The defendants have not yet responded to the complaint, and they intend to vigorously defend themselves against the plaintiff’s allegations however, there can be no assurances as to the outcome.

On March 31, 2025, our Board of Directors of approved the cancellation of certain stock options to purchase 5,149,944 shares of common stock held by certain current employees and directors that were initially granted under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2013 Stock Plan and 2019 Amended and Restated Stock Plan. Such cancellation is subject to the consent of the applicable holder of the stock options, which the Company is expecting to receive shortly following the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Compensation Committee intends to conduct an analysis of our equity compensation plan and develop an equity compensation strategy that satisfies the purpose of the 2019 Plan to attract and retain the best available personnel who can make meaningful contributions towards achieving the business objectives of the Company.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA. 

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of

Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ Marcum llp

Marcum llp

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.

Houston, Texas

March 31, 2025

Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(amounts in thousands, except share and per share data) 

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations

(amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
For the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
(amounts in thousands, except share amounts)

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(amounts in thousands)